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Now, let's tabulate the five lunar eclipses that are last presumed to have occurred during the reign of King Wuding of Yin. The month of the Yin calendar in which the three lunar eclipses of acetate, gengshen, and jia wu are located, and the words may have been clearly recorded or can be inferred. Now we are based on the "Winter Solstice Synergy Time Table" compiled by Mr. Zhang Peiyu (1500 BC; 105 BC)" to promote the first year of the Yin calendar reflected in these three lunar eclipses. It can be believed that this table is currently the most accurate composite table at home and abroad.
First of all, we consider the Gengshen lunar eclipse, which is the tenth and third months of the leap year, and the purpose of the leap year is to be the fourth hour, and it is clear that the beginning of the following year has been adjusted.
January Gongshin lunar eclipse
The first line from the winter solstice is the weekly calendar, "winter solstice month" is the month where the winter solstice is located, "February" is the month after the winter solstice month, and so on. The second line is the Julian calendar, the third line is the Shuo Ri Branch, and the fourth line is the conjunction time.
January 1, 1218 BC was the day of the first day of the C-noon, and then postponed to November 15 coincided with the day of Gengshen . Since lunar eclipses can only occur when the ecliptic longitude of the Sun and the Moon is equal to 180°, this is actually the look of the Sun from the Synodic Moon. Therefore, we set this Gengshen day as the 15th day of January of a certain year of the Yin calendar, and the first month of the Yin calendar is the noon. On the 62nd day of the winter solstice, if converted according to the solar terms of the Chinese lunar calendar, the noon of January in a certain year of the Yin calendar is two days before the frost.
January lunar eclipse
1 October 21, 198 BC was Gengchen Day, which was later extended to January 4 of January 1. We set this noon day as the 15th day of January of a certain year of the Yin calendar, which is the first month of the Yin calendar, which is Gengchen. This winter solstice 72 days, if converted according to the solar term, then the January of a certain year of the Yin calendar year Shuo Gengchen 12 days before the frost falls.
August acetate lunar eclipse
May 17, 1227 BC was Xinwei Day, which was later extended to May 31. We set this day as the 15th day of August in a certain year of the Yin calendar, and push forward seven and a half months, which is the first month of the Yin calendar, which is equivalent to October 22, 1228 BC. This winter solstice 71st day, if converted according to solar terms, then the January of a certain year of the Yin calendar is 11 days before the frost.
The first time of the year
The first time of the Yin calendar year reflected by the two lunar eclipses of Jia Wu and Gengshen can be regarded as the upper and lower limits of the three times. Based on this, we preliminarily believe that the January Shuo of the Yin calendar swings from late October to early January of the Julian calendar, when the cold dew of the Chinese lunar solar term falls between the frost and frost. Yin Ren's determination of Heshuo is not very accurate, so the true Yin calendar first month can allow for an error of ±1 day compared to Zhenshuo.
The astronomical basis of the Yin calendar
The development of the calendar has roughly gone through three major periods: the primitive phenological calendar, the visual timing to the push-step calendar. The Yin calendar has undoubtedly got rid of the original content of the phenological calendar, but it is far from reaching the level of pushing, so it should be in the stage of the visual calendar.
Observation timing involved two important aspects in ancient China, namely sundial measurement and astrological observation. These are things that were easy for ancient ancestors who had long been engaged in outdoor production activities, and existing ethnographic materials clearly reflect this. Therefore, the astronomical basis of Yin Li is unlikely to go beyond these two contents.
Many scholars believe that the Yin people are known to measure the two solstices because measuring sundials can determine not only the seasons, but also the time and direction, and these are reflected in the divine and archaeological excavations. On this basis, it may not be difficult to obtain the second solstice after a period of observation. However, the problem is that we have defined the time range of the beginning of the Yin calendar, and its first lunar day swings from late October to early November in the Julian calendar, which is equivalent to the cold dew to frost fall of the lunar solar term, which is a certain distance from the winter and summer solstices from any point of view. Therefore, the activity of Yin people observing shadows is not directly relevant for determining the head of the year.
In fact, after denying the role of measuring the shadow of the sun in determining the head of the Yin people, we can only look for the answer in terms of stargazing, and ancient Chinese texts have clear records in this regard.
"Chinese Jin Language IV": I heard that the first seal of Jin, the year is in the fire, the star of Yanbo, the merchant of the real record.
The fire is also called Dachen, that is, the Antares of the Twenty-eight Shuku Donggong Canglong Seven Shuku in China, and the western α name is Antaresα Scorpius. The above cited literature illustrates two problems: (1) the Yin people worship the Great Mars; (2) the Yin people observe the weekly visual movement of the Great Mars as a sign of time.
Standard Star
The name of the fire is a big chen, and the predecessors have explained it well. "Zuo Chuan Zhao Gong Seventeen Years" Kong Yingda "Justice": "The fire is called the great chen. He Xiu's explanation is especially thorough!
The ancients used fire as the standard star for timing, and naturally had detailed observations of its weekly changes. Now, based on the materials provided by the pre-Qin literature, we reveal the weekly changes of the Great Mars.
"Chinese Zhou Yuzhong": The fire is in the woods, and the Tao is not feasible. ...... Seeing and frost, fire and breeze to ward off the cold. ...... The first meeting of the fire is expected in the division. Wei Zhao's "Note": "Fire, heart star also." See also. ...... The morning is seen in October, and the morning is seen in Chenye. ...... After the frost falls, the breeze comes first, so people are not prepared for the cold. ”
"Zuo Chuan Zhuang Gong 29 Years": Fire sees and uses. Du Pre's "Collected Explanations": "Great fire, heart star, secondary angle, hyper-visionary." Kong Yingda's "Justice": "At the beginning of October, the heart star is sub-horned, and after the hyper, I see the east in the morning." This is the sunrise of the fire, the celestial phenomenon of the week. "Li Ji Yue Ling": The moon of Ji Dong, the day is in the daughter-in-law, in the faintness, in the danxi. Kong Yingda's "Justice" quotes the "Three Unification Calendars": "The great cold, the day is in the beginning of the crisis, the second degree of faintness, the 80th degree of the day, and the fifth degree of the heart." This is the day of the fire. This celestial phenomenon of the Warring States.
"Zuo Chuan Zhao Duke Four Years": The fire comes out and endows. Du Pre's "Collected Explanations": "Mars sees the east at dusk, which is called March and April." Yang Bojun "Note": "Then summer is March, the α star of Scorpio appears at dusk, so that meat eaters can get ice." "Zuo Chuan Zhao Gong Six Years": Huo Mi, Zheng Qi Huo! "Zuo Chuan Zhao Gong Seventeen Years": Fire out, in summer is March, in Shang is April, and in Zhou is May. "Zuo Chuan Zhao Gong Eighteenth Year": In the summer of May, the fire began to faint.
This is the compass of the fire, which is the third month of the summer calendar. The precession of the school, the great Mars of the Yin Dynasty is seen in the Qingming and Valley Rain, this general statement is March, if calculated ten days later than Yin Shang, the difference is about 700 years. This celestial phenomenon before the Warring States.
"Shangshu Yaodian": The sun will be sparked, and it will be midsummer. "Xia Xiaozheng": May ,...... In the first dusk of the fire. This is the twilight of the fire. Mr. Zhu Kezhen designated the "Day Forever" of the Yao Dian as the summer solstice, which is the celestial phenomenon at the beginning of the week at the end of Yin. The same should be true of what Xia Xiaozheng remembers.
"Zuo Chuan Zhao Gong Three Years": In the fire, the cold department is retreated.
Du Pre's "Collected Explanations": "The heart retreats in the dusk of the summer and the summer, and the cold retreats in the winter of the season." Kong Yingda's "Poetry and Justice" leads to Qian Yun: "Fire, fire, heart." Winter and December are in the middle of the south, and the cold retreats; In the summer and June dusk of Mars, the summer retreats. "This is the twilight of the fire, and the ancients regarded it as cold and summer. Fu Qian and Du Qian did not know the precession, and the time they measured was much later than the record of "Zuo Chuan", and the celestial phenomena reflected in "Zuo Chuan" should belong to the Warring States.
"Jishu": "Flowing fire, under the fire." The fire is going west, and the summer will be cold. "This is the western stream of the fire. The celestial phenomenon of the week.
"Xia Xiaozheng": August ,...... Tatsumi. Lu Feng's "Biography": "The one who is also the one who is also in the heart." Those who are also in the shadows are not seen. "This is the coma of the fire. "Xia Xiaozheng": September, internal fire. ...... The day is tied to Japan. Wang Pingzhen's "Explanation": "In September, the heart and the tail are in the heart, so the fire enters and does not see." This is the ambush of the fire. These are all celestial phenomena at the beginning of the week.
Records of fires
The material provided by the ancient documents should be said to be substantial, and almost every record of the fire involves its timing. At the same time, we also see that the celestial sphere where the fire was measured by the ancients is perfectly positioned, which gives us a taste of the ancestors' careful understanding of the weekly changes of the Great Mars. Mr. Pang Pu once pointed out that there was indeed a calendar in ancient China based on the fire period.
Through long-term hard observation, the ancients gradually deepened their understanding of the operation law of the Great Mars, although with the development of the times and the progress of human civilization, human knowledge about various celestial phenomena is becoming richer, but this ancient method of using the fire age has been used by people for a long time. The two documents "Shang Lord's Fire" and "Fire Period" clearly show us that the Yin people still use the weekly changes of the Great Mars as their timing signs, which is also fully reflected in our presumed Yin calendar year.
According to the time of the three lunar eclipses in the Wuding period of the King of Yin, we get the first three Yin calendar times, and their first lunar days swing from late October to early November of the Julian calendar, so the first month of these three years all swings from late October to November of the Julian calendar, about before the frost of the Chinese lunar solar term to after the beginning of winter. In this way, we can examine the changing characteristics of the Great Mars over this time frame.
Due to precession, the vernal equinox shifts westward by about 1° on the ecliptic about every 71.6 years. We take the year 195 0.0 AD as the present calendar, and today the equinox is at 7°13'. We presume that the earliest lunar eclipse during the reign of King Wuding occurred in 1227 BC, and it is estimated that the spring equinox has shifted 44° west compared to Yin Shang. We have tabled the solar and twilight and mid-star conditions around 1200 BC.
Cold dew, frost fall, the sun room, the heart two nights, at this time the big Mars in the sky is not visible. After about twenty days, when the sun reaches 15° east of Antares, the fire begins in the morning, that is, before the sun will rise, and the Great Mars is pilgrimage to the east, about nine days after the frost falls. If we consider this phenomenon in relation to the presumed first time of the Yin calendar in the previous section, the sunrise of the Great Mars occurs in the month of the Yin calendar, and the exact time is about the same:
January 11-12 (based on Gengshen lunar eclipse)
January 20 to 21 (based on acetate lunar eclipse)
January 21-22 (based on a noon lunar eclipse)
Let's then examine the changes in the stars associated with the Great Mars. In the summer sun, 3°.4, and 2°. After about two and a half months, that is, between the frost and the winter, it is ambushed.
According to this, we believe that the Yin people take the sunrise of the Great Mars as a sign to determine the beginning of the year, that is, the Great Mars pilgrimage, and the moon of the stars and the submerged moon is set as the January month of the Yin calendar. "Chinese Jin Language IV": "The fire, the star of Yanbo, is also called Dachen." ...... And to the end of the day and to participate,...... And Tenno-Ki too. Wei Zhao's "Note": "So the great era is the time." The above analysis is consistent with the record of the Jin language.
Mr. Needham pointed out that the sunrise or sun of a star does not determine the season, and the difference is not more than a few days. The results we have arrived at are consistent with that view. There is no doubt that this calendar is loose compared to pushing forward. Yin Ren's observation of the two morning sights of the Great Mars is the sidereal year, but there must be a certain error between it and the real sidereal year. Of course, the slight difference between the sidereal year and the return year was even less felt by the ancients.