Chinese history has thousands of years of history, in the long river of time, the imperial dynasty updated and iterated, but it was only civil strife between the Han people, in the feudal dynasty for more than two thousand years, only two dynasties occupied the Central Plains to rule the Han people, one is the Yuan Dynasty established by the Mongols, and the other is the Qing Dynasty established by the Manchus.
Among them, the Yuan Dynasty ruled for less than a hundred years before it was overthrown by Zhu Yuanzhang, but the Qing Dynasty was able to rule for 276 years, and finally it was a foreign invasion that the Han began to resist. Why did the hundreds of millions of Han people in the Central Plains not resist the rule of the Qing Dynasty? There are four reasons for frustration.
Gap in strength
Nomadic peoples are also known as "people on horseback", and their survival is mostly based on hunting on horseback and herding cattle and sheep.
They are good at horseback archery, and have developed a brave and combative character under the law of the jungle. Their personalities are very aggressive, and they worship the strong, and generally their leader is the one with the highest value of force. They have capital, ideas, and needs, and whenever they lack resources, they rob other tribes.
Natural selection, survival of the fittest. In the case of the elderly and children in their tribe, women also kill with weapons. The tribes next to them were defeated and integrated, and they targeted the Central Plains again. They know that the people of the Central Plains are not good at fighting, so the people of the Central Plains are "weak rich people" in their eyes. Nomadic peoples often invade the Han people, and the way they invade is also interesting. Run after every invasion, take away what you can, take what you can't take away, prevent fire and burn it down, and as for the city, they don't want it. The nomads were very intelligent, they knew their strengths and weaknesses, so when the Han army sent troops to chase them, they had long since disappeared. In the endless steppe, the Han army could not chase them if they wanted to.
In thousands of years of history, in the struggle between Han and nomads, the Han people have been left behind. Only occasionally the Xiongnu were beaten in the head, but the Han discriminated against the nomads and were unwilling to send people to civilize them, so that whenever the Han were weak, the nomads would attack the Han again.
The Han people, on the other hand, pay the most attention to culture. Since the Qin Dynasty, the Han Dynasty's idea of deposing the Hundred Schools of Confucianism has been deeply imprisoned in the flesh and blood of the Han people, and the Han people have been indoctrinated at birth with the idea of studying well to gain fame, making the Han people not very good at force. Except for the military generals in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China and the end of the imperial court, they were more courageous, because they wanted to fight the world or defend the country. In other periods, the status of civil officials was always higher than that of military generals, causing the Han people to always have a headache about the affairs of the northern nomads.
By the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, the Manchu Eight Banner Army overthrew the rule of the Ming Dynasty and established the Qing Dynasty.
The Manchus were good at management
At that time, the Manchus numbered only a few million, while the Han numbered 300 million. It was clear that numerical superiority would have overthrown Qing rule and re-established a new Han court. But the emperor of the Qing Dynasty was very clever. They also knew that the number of Han people was large, and in order to prevent accidents, they implemented a series of policies to calm the emotions of the Han people and rule out the possibility of Han people starting an uprising.
Beginning with the Shunzhi Emperor, he adopted a policy of softness towards the Han people. The Shunzhi Emperor implemented the policy of "Manchu-Han unity", requiring both the Manchus and Han people to accept their native national identity and accept their recognition of the Manchu national identity. In the officialdom, Hanchen used its cultural superiority to support Manchu officials, and Manchu officials used their own political superiority to support Hanchen, and finally achieved a situation of harmonious coexistence and mutual help between Manchu and Han, and then formed a recognition of the Qing Dynasty.
During the reign of the Kangxi Emperor, he went to Jiangnan six times, of which he personally went to the Ming Xiaoling Tomb to worship Zhu Yuanzhang five times, and the Kangxi Emperor highly respected Zhu Yuanzhang, saying that "Emperor Taizu of the Ming Dynasty started at the end of the micro, but unified China, capable of culture and martial arts, which was something that the emperor could not do during the Han and Tang dynasties."
Even when the Kangxi Emperor worshipped Zhu Yuanzhang, he also performed a great gift of 39 knocks. This action made the Han people sad to hear and cry, and also closed the hearts of many Han students and the former dynasty widows.
The Kangxi Emperor also opened the Department of Erudition and Vocabulary, and greatly developed the imperial examination system. During the 17 years of the Kangxi Dynasty, more than 100 students recommended by the whole country to study for the imperial examination, and as many as 50 were hired. Even the descendants of Ming dynasty remnants Huang Zongxi and Gu Yanwu went to participate. This shows that the remnants of the former dynasty and the Han people have identified with the Kangxi Emperor and the Qing Dynasty.
In addition to wooing the Han family, the Kangxi Emperor also wooed the Han people. The Kangxi Emperor also directly took many measures to benefit the Han people, such as building water conservancy, reclaiming wasteland, reducing taxes, and so on. Even later, the policy of "having more children in the future, never raising taxes" was announced. To a large extent, this reduced the burden on the peasants, and until the end of the Qing Dynasty, despite the internal and external evil situation, the Kangxi Emperor still adhered to his "national policy" of "never increasing taxes", which did not change.
During the time of the Yongzheng Emperor, the Yongzheng Emperor promoted a large number of Han Chen, and even arranged them to important positions, including four Han Chen, who were regarded as his cronies by the Yongzheng Emperor.
Nian Xinyao was the favorite courtier of the Yongzheng Emperor, before the Yongzheng Emperor took the throne, Nian Xinyao served by the Yongzheng Emperor's side for many years, and the relationship between the two was very good, and later Nian Xinyao quelled the Qinghai rebellion and was canonized as a first-class duke by the Yongzheng Emperor, which was the first Han to be canonized as a first-class duke since the "San Francisco Rebellion".
Tian Wenjing is an old minister of many dynasties, and he has already entered the officialdom during the Kangxi Dynasty, and after the Yongzheng Emperor ascended the throne, he admired Tian Wenjing very much, and Tian Wenjing was also a step Qingyun, and was also the governor of Henan, Hebei and Shandong provinces. Even on Tian Wenjing's 70th birthday, the Yongzheng Emperor specially gave Tian Wenjing some pills to "prolong life and improve life".
Li Wei's official career is more amazing, Li Wei does not have a high talent in reading, but his family has money and bought him an official position. However, Li Wei's behavior was greatly appreciated by the Yongzheng Emperor, and he was promoted to the governor of Zhejiang. Li Wei, who was busy with political affairs, often vomited blood tiredly, and after the Yongzheng Emperor learned of this, he also calculated a trigram for Li Wei, and Li Wei's official fortune during the Yongzheng Emperor period was also excellent, obviously the Yongzheng Emperor was very satisfied with Li Wei's eight characters.
Zhang Yanyu was also the elder of the Three Dynasties, but when it was really important, it was during the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor. After the Yongzheng Emperor succeeded to the throne, Zhang Yanyu was his right hand. Zhang Yanyu's father is also the mentor of the Yongzheng Emperor, and the relationship between the two is very good.
Since the entry of the Qing Dynasty, the Manchu and Han families have been emphasized, and the Yongzheng Emperor's reuse of Hanchen has greatly improved the status of the Han people, and Hanchen has been respected, and naturally will not think of rebellion.
Daxing Word Hell
In order not to let people rebel, the Qing rulers also did their homework in cultural and military aspects. The Qing Dynasty relied on the Eight Flags Army to maintain power, but the Eight Flags Army was insufficient, so the Qing rulers also gathered many Han troops. The Eight Flags Army served as generals in the army, while the Han could only be ordinary soldiers and sent to death as cannon fodder, which ensured the loyalty of the army on the one hand and maintained the size of the army.
In order to control the thinking of the Han people and make the Han people obey the orders of the Qing Dynasty, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty began to implement the literary prison, and the purpose of the Qing Dynasty's literary prison was to control the Han people's thinking and consolidate the Qing Dynasty's political power. In order to prevent the Han riots and suppress the resistance of the intellectuals, the rulers extracted words from the works of the students and organized them into crimes to constitute the facts of their crimes.
By the Shunzhi period, the prison of writing gradually took shape, which lasted for more than 140 years through four dynasties. The Great Qing Dynasty, because it was ruled by ethnic minorities, had very strict control over the Han people, and as long as there was a trace of dissatisfaction with the Great Qing Dynasty, the Great Qing Dynasty would arrest the Great Qing Dynasty and his relatives and friends. There were more than 200 literary prisons in the Qing Dynasty, and except for a few who had this matter, the vast majority were unjust cases.
At the end of the Ming and Qing dynasties, there were many large-scale uprisings against the Qing dynasty, but all of them were suppressed. The rebel army could only use words to let the people convey the ideas of anti-Qing and restoration. During the Kangxi Dynasty, more than 20 literary prisons occurred, the more famous ones being the "Nanshan Case" and the Huang Peishi Case.
One of the most famous is the "Ming History Case", in which the Zhuang father and son dug up the coffins, smashed their bones, and hung their bodies at the head of the city, and for several months, all the characters involved in carving, printing, sales, storage, and hiding were successively imprisoned, affecting more than 3,000 people.
The Zhu Fangdan incident is also the most regrettable literary prison, Zhu Fangdan is a medical scientist, his books "Zhong Supplement" and "Zhong Qian Secret" are widely circulated among the people, and the book also mentions that the brain is the organ of human thinking. In ancient times, people believed that the mind was the organ of human thinking, and the heart was also the most important part of the human body. Since Zhu Fangdan proposed that the "brain" is the organ of human thinking, society has been shaken. At that time, Zhu Fangdan's discovery could be said to be a big lead in the world, but unfortunately the Kangxi Emperor executed him, his disciples, family, and friends were all executed, and even Zhu Fangdan's works were not handed down.
Zhu Fangdan's two masterpieces transcend the cognition of traditional medicine. And the corrupt rulers of the Qing Dynasty not only eliminated Zhu Fangdan's ideas and writings, but also eliminated the prosperity of Chinese civilization.
Moreover, during the Qianlong Emperor's period, 130 literary prisons were eliminated, and the Qianlong Emperor's methods were even more vicious, and he wanted to completely eliminate the national consciousness of the Han people. But in fact, most of the people who were victims of literary prison did not want to overthrow the Qing rule, and a large part of them only expressed their dissatisfaction with the Qing rule, and as a result, the Qianlong Emperor did not correct it and directly executed them.
The Qing Dynasty's literary prison had a great impact on the thinking of the Chinese nation, corrupted the atmosphere in the officialdom, led to the loss of many talents, and seriously hindered the development of Chinese society.
- Manchu-Han marriage
Since the founder of the Qing Dynasty, Nur Hachi, the policy of Manchu-Han marriage has been implemented. When Nur Hachi attacked Fushun, in order to subdue Li Yongfang, he gave his son's adopted daughter to Li Yongfang as his wife.
Even Liu Xingzuo, the Han general of Nurhach, married the adopted daughter of Nurhach's second son, and they all married into Han to consolidate their dominance.
In order to lead the world, the Shunzhi Emperor married the daughter of the Han courtier Hubu Zuo Shilang, gave her residence in the Yongshou Palace, and used Han rituals to make her a concubine. At that time, because the Manchu-Han contradictions were not resolved, intermarriage between Manchus and Han was not common, but because the Manchus were the rulers, it was normal for Han people to marry women to Manchus.
Among the "San Francisco", Wu Sangui had hundreds of thousands of troops and dominated Yunnan. Because of the dangerous terrain and the heavy strength of Wu Sangui's troops, the Qing Dynasty could not take him. But the only way to beat it is to adopt a policy of softness.
During the Shunzhi period, the sons of San Francisco were successively sent to the capital to serve the emperor, and their real purpose was to act as a proton. In the tenth year of Shunzhi, the Shunzhi Emperor married Princess Heshuo to Wu Sangui's eldest son, Wu Yingxiong, who was also made a colt horse. Wu Sangui was also made a prince.
But the women these emperors married to were not biological women, but adopted daughters, and there was no orthodox Aixin Jue Luo bloodline, and they adopted the method of canonization, which was called a princess. At least on the surface, it seems good, and it helps to co-opt Hanchen.
This trick was not unique to the Qing royal family, but had already been used in the Central Plains, Han and Tang dynasties. The purpose of promoting the daughters of the royal family members to "princesses" was to elevate the status and status of the feudal woman in order to satisfy her vanity, so as to win over and control each other politically.
The Manchus were able to rule the Han for 276 years because they exhausted all kinds of methods of softness and force to suppress them, as well as ideological imprisonment. However, these methods have advantages and disadvantages, and the biggest harm is ideological imprisonment, which seriously damages the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.