The Republic of Tajikistan, referred to as Tajikistan, surrounded by Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and China, is the only non-Turkic country among the five Central Asian countries, and is also the smallest country in the five Central Asian countries. As of June 2022, the population is 9.75 million. There are 86 ethnic groups in the country, of which Tajiks account for about 80%. Tajiks are pure-blooded white people.
The land area is 143,100 square kilometers. The territory is mountainous and plateau, accounting for about 93% of the country's land area, and is known as the "country of high mountains". Less than 7 per cent of the country's arable land is available. The peak of Ismail Somoni in the Pamirs is the highest point in the country at 7495 meters above sea level.
When glaciers and snow melt high in the mountains, they form rivers that rush endlessly. There are mainly the Syr Darya River, Amu Darya River, Zeravshan River, Vakhsh River and Filnigan River, which belong to the Amu Darya River Basin, the Zeravshan River Basin and the Syr Darya River Basin. Water resources and water energy are abundant. Water resources account for about 60% of the entire Central Asia, and per capita possession ranks first in the world. The water energy content is 500 billion kWh/year, but the development amount is less than 10%. Lakes are mostly distributed in the Pamir Plateau, and Lake Kara is the largest lake and a salt lake.
Tajikistan is rich in mineral resources, with a complete range of species and large reserves. Energy is abundant, with reserves of 113 million tons of oil and 863 billion cubic meters of natural gas.
The whole territory of Tajikistan has a typical continental climate, with more rain and snow in spring and winter; Summer and autumn are dry and rainy. With the increase of altitude, the continental climate intensifies in alpine areas, and the temperature difference between north and south is large. The western side of the Pamirs is covered with snow all year round, forming huge glaciers.
In the 9th and 10th centuries AD, the Tajik nation was formed. In the 10th century he joined the kingdom of Khorazm. It was conquered by the Mongols in the 13th century. In the 16th century it joined the Bukhara Khanate. It was annexed by the Russian Empire in 1868. In 1929, the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic was established and joined the Soviet Union. It became independent on September 9, 1991, and implemented a presidential system.
Tajikistan's economic base is relatively weak and its economic structure is unitary. Agriculture, oil and gas, aluminium and coal industries are its pillar industries.