#头条创作挑战赛 #
The Rebellion of the Eight Kings was a turmoil caused by the Western Jin Dynasty to compete for central power. Lasting a total of 16 years, this turmoil eventually led to war, caused great damage to society, exacerbated the crisis of rule of the Western Jin Dynasty, and became an important factor in the rapid demise of the Western Jin Dynasty, after which China entered the Five Hu Chaos (Yongjia Rebellion).
In 280 AD, the Jin destroyed Sun Wu, the last secession regime of the Three Kingdoms, and unified the whole country, so far, the three families returned to the Jin Dynasty, and the history is called the Western Jin Dynasty. The Western Jin Dynasty was the first unified dynasty in Chinese history to be completely controlled by a large family family, and the Shi Dynasty was the class basis on which the Western Jin Dynasty maintained its rule. Sima Yan, the emperor of Jinwu, knew that too strong class power would threaten the rule of the central government, so in 265 AD, Sima Yan restored the ancient system of divided seals, divided twenty-seven kings with the same surname, with the county as the state, and then continuously expanded the power of the kings of the clan family. This laid the seeds for the rebellion.
An important reason for the occurrence of the Rebellion of the Eight Kings was that Sima Yan did not choose a successor well, and there was a major mistake in personnel arrangement, which caused Jia Nanfeng to interfere in political power, which directly led to the outbreak of the Rebellion of the Eight Kings. Jia Nanfeng is the daughter of founding father Jia Chong.
After the death of Sima Yan, the Jin Wu Emperor, Sima Xin, succeeded to the throne, and because Emperor Jin Hui was unable to govern the imperial government, it attracted the imperial family and the state to fight for power. When Sima Yan, the emperor of Jinwu, died, he left an edict ordering Sima Liang the Prince of Runan and his foreign Qi Yang Jun to jointly assist Emperor Hui of Jin. However, Yang Jun let himself assist Emperor Hui of Jin alone when Emperor Wu of Jin's illness worsened, and Emperor Wu of Jin acquiesced, and after Emperor Wu of Jin's death, Sima Liang fled to Xuchang, fearing that Yang Jun would harm him, and Yang Jun temporarily fell in power.
Jia Nanfeng, the empress of Emperor Sima Xin of Jinhui, was ugly and fierce, with political ambitions and vicious methods, she had a political foundation and wanted to seize power.
When Yang Jun assisted the government, whenever there was an edict, after Emperor Hui of Jin saw it, it was handed over to Empress Dowager Yang Zhi (Yang Jun's daughter and cousin of Sima Zhi's biological mother Yang Yan) for execution, Yang Jun in order to monopolize power and control the imperial government, and because Jia Nanfeng was not easy to control, for fear of hindering his power, he appointed his cronies to be in charge of the forbidden army, but this caused dissatisfaction among the royal clan and some ministers, and even Yang Jun's two younger brothers advised Yang Jun to act carefully to avoid calamity, and Yang Jun did not listen.
In order to prevent Yang Jun's dictatorship, Jia Nanfeng secretly sent people to contact Sima Liang the King of Runan and Sima Wei the King of Chu, asking them to lead troops into Beijing to fight Yang Jun. Because Yang Jun had always feared Sima Wei the King of Chu, he did not stop him from leading troops from Jingzhou into Luoyang.
With Sima Wei's support, Jia Nanfeng designed to have Emperor Hui of Jin issue an edict, declaring that Yang Jun had plotted rebellion, and for a time the whole city of Luoyang was under martial law, and asked Sima Wei the King of Chu to lead troops to defend the palace and besiege Yang Jun's mansion. And Yang Jun was timid and cowardly by nature, hesitated, missed the opportunity to escape, the mansion was burned, and he was killed in the stable. Later, Jia Nanfeng issued an edict in the name of Emperor Hui of Jin, abolished Empress Dowager Yang Zhi's status, demoted her to a commoner, and imprisoned her. He also destroyed the three Yang Jun clans, and at this point, Yang Jun's forces were eliminated.
After Yang Jun was killed, the power of the imperial government was jointly held by Sima Liang the King of Runan and the elder minister Wei Qiu, and Sima Wei the King of Chu was made a general of Wei for meritorious service and part-time marquis of the Northern Army (guarding the forbidden army in the northern part of the capital), and Jia Nanfeng's relatives also held important positions. Although they maintain harmony on the surface, they secretly compete with each other, intrigue, and everyone wants to hold power, especially Jia Nanfeng, who is very dissatisfied with his failure to monopolize power.
Sima Liang and Wei Yu the King of Runan were also very jealous of Sima Wei the King of Chu controlling the forbidden army, so they tried to seize his military power, and they asked Sima Wei the King of Chu to return to the kingdom, which caused Sima Wei to be very dissatisfied, so he fell to Jia Nanfeng. Jia Nanfeng was very happy to make him a young prince for his own purposes.
In order to eliminate Sima Liang and Wei Yu, Jia Nanfeng issued a secret edict in the name of Emperor Hui of Jin, ordering Sima Wei to kill Sima Liang and Wei Yu. After Sima Liang and Wei Yu were killed, some people advised Sima Wei to take the opportunity to expand his power, but Sima Wei hesitated, and Jia Nanfeng also thought that Sima Wei's excessive power threatened him, and also wanted to kill Sima Wei.
The day after Sima Liang was killed, Jia Nanfeng used Zhang Hua's scheme to send the lieutenant general to Sima Wei, saying that Sima Wei had forged an edict to kill Sima Liang and Wei Wei, and Sima Wei's men heard this situation, most of them put down their weapons and dispersed, and Sima Wei did not resist, and obediently tied up his hands. Jia Nanfeng executed Sima Wei on the pretext that Sima Wei had killed Sima Liang and Wei Wei by forging an edict.
At this point, Jia Nanfeng finally took control of the imperial government, and most of his relatives and henchmen were entrusted with important tasks.
After Jia Nanfeng took power for eight years, because she had no son, she herself was restless in order to become the empress dowager in the future. At that time, the crown prince was born to the talented Xie Jiu, and Jia Nanfeng and Xie Jiu had always been at odds, and Jia Nanfeng wanted to abolish the crown prince, so he designed to have Emperor Hui of Jin put him to death, but because of Zhang Hua's dissuasion, the prince was not executed, but imprisoned in Kim Yongcheng.
At that time, the crown prince was Sima Lun, the king of Zhao, who often curried favor with Jia Nanfeng and was trusted by Jia Nanfeng, and Sima Lun also received the military power of the forbidden army guarding the palace. When the crown prince was imprisoned, Sima Lun, Sun Xiu and others wanted to overthrow Jia Nanfeng and his henchmen, and under the pretext of "breaking everyone's hope for the crown prince's restoration", they persuaded their henchmen to kill the prince as soon as possible, and the prince was killed soon after. Later, Sima Lun, Sun Xiu and others forged an edict on the charge that Jia Nanfeng had killed the crown prince, deposed Jia Nanfeng as a commoner, Jia Nanfeng was imprisoned, Zhang Hua and others were killed, and many officials were also deposed. Jia Nanfeng was later killed by Sima Lun's forged edict to drink the golden chip wine.
After Jia Nanfeng's death, Sima Lun forged an edict to proclaim himself Xiangguo, Sun Xiu and others held military power, and Sima Lun's party held the power of the dynasty, but Sima Lun's party was also morally and incompetent, intriguing with each other, and did not achieve anything. After Sima Lun deposed Emperor Hui of Jin as emperor, Emperor Hui of Jin was placed under house arrest in Jin Yongcheng, and the people's hearts were unstable, which gave others another opportunity.
Sima Feng the King of Qi then joined forces with Sima Ji the King of Hejian and Sima Ying the King of Chengdu to attack Sima Lun, and Sima Lun and Sun Xiu led troops to counterattack and were defeated, Sima Lun was also imprisoned in Jin Yongcheng, and was also killed by drinking gold chip wine, and Sima Lun's party was eliminated.
After Sima Feng killed Sima Lun, he welcomed Sima Chen's restoration, and he assumed the post of Grand Sima and was in charge of the imperial government, and Sima Qi and Sima Ying were also given high positions. Sima Feng also monopolized power, misbehaved, and abandoned government affairs, which gave other powerful and ambitious lords the opportunity to fight under an excuse.
Li Han, a military captain of Yi, went to Chang'an and panicked that he had sent a secret edict from the emperor to Sima Ji (司馬颙), the king of Hejian, to attack Sima Fan. After some consideration, Sima Feng decided to state Sima Ji's guilt in the above table, and then raised troops to attack Luoyang, saying that he was received by Sima Feng the King of Changsha, and when Sima Feng learned of this, he sent his general Dong Ai to attack Sima Qi, and Sima Feng quickly took people to the palace in a car to attack Sima Feng in the name of the Son of Heaven, Sima Feng was defeated and killed, his son was imprisoned in Jin Yongcheng, his henchmen were also killed, and Sima Feng again took power.
However, Sima Qi, dissatisfied with Sima Ying's monopoly on power, repeatedly sent people to assassinate without success, so he ordered Zhang Fang to lead 70,000 troops and Sima Ying's army of more than 200,000 to attack Luoyang, and Emperor Hui of Jin ordered Sima Ying to be the governor of the capital and lead troops to meet the attack, and the two sides fought for several months, and the combined forces of Sima Ying and Sima Ying were killed more than 60,000 people. Sima Yue (King of the East Sea) was tired of Sima Qi's army, so he joined some forbidden generals to capture Sima Yi and hand him over to Sima Qi's general Zhang Fang, who was roasted to death.
Sima Ying had prestige in the government and the public, strong military strength, and official worship of Prime Minister Cheng. Sima Ji Guan was promoted to Dazai, and Sima Yue was promoted to Shang Shu Ling. Sima Qian's letter believed that Sima Ying was the most suitable heir to the throne, so he deposed the crown prince Sima Qin, and Sima Ying was the imperial brother, still retaining the post of prime minister.
Sima Yue was very dissatisfied with Sima Ying's dictatorship, so he led an army of more than 100,000 to attack Yecheng with Emperor Hui of Jin to attack Sima Ying, and Sima Xiu, the king of Dong'an, persuaded Sima Ying to surrender, Sima Ying did not comply, sent the general Shi Chao to lead an army of 50,000 to meet the battle, and defeated Sima Yue, Emperor Hui of Jin was captured, changed the year name to Jianwu, and he also killed Sima Yi.
When Sima Yue was defeated and fled to Xiaping, Sima Huang, the governor of Xuzhou and the king of Dongping, refused to accept him, so Sima Yue fled back to his fief. Sima Ying, thinking that Sima Yue was a brother of the same clan and ordered Sima Yue to be forgiven and asked him to return to the dynasty, but Sima Yue did not agree.
After Sima Yue's defeat, his younger brother Ma Teng of the Dong Ying Company joined forces with Wang Jun to kill Sima Ying's Youzhou Assassination Shi and Yan, Sima Ying was angry and sent troops to fight Sima Teng, and Sima Teng joined some foreign forces to fight back against Sima Ying, and Sima Ying also sent Shi Chao and other generals and the new Youzhou Assassin Wang Bin to fight Sima Teng, but Sima Ying's army was defeated by the foreign army.
After the news of the defeat reached Yecheng, the people were panicked, officials and soldiers fled in large numbers, Sima Ying was even more panicked, he and dozens of generals, Emperor Hui of Jin fled to Luoyang overnight, and the army of the foreigners chased Sima Ying all the way to Chaoge, but because they did not catch up, they returned.
However, Luoyang was controlled by Sima Qi's general Zhang Fang, who took Emperor Hui of Jin hostage to control Sima Ying. After Sima Ying returned to Chang'an, he was abolished as imperial brother by Sima Ying and asked Sima Ying to leave Chang'an and return to his fief. At this time, Sima Qi, who could be said to have great power, appointed hundreds of officials on his own and changed Qin Prefecture to Dingzhou.
Sima Qi asked Emperor Hui of Jin to appoint Sima Yue as the imperial prince and return to the dynasty to jointly assist the government, but Sima Yue did not agree. Sima Yue also held Emperor Hui of Jin hostage, asking Emperor Hui of Jin to issue an edict to remove Sima Yue and others from their official posts, but Sima Yue did not do it, so he raised troops to attack Sima Qi. For the smooth operation of the war, Sima Yue sent people to lobby Sima Qiao to know his powerful relationship, Sima Yue originally agreed, but his subordinate general Zhang Fang did not agree, Zhang Fang's suggestion Sima Qiao did not agree, no way, Sima Yue had to order Liu Qiao of Yuzhou to be the general of Zhendong, and sent Sima Ying to lead the generals to resist Sima Yue at the river bridge, Sima Yue was defeated, just at this time Sima Yue, the king of Fanyang, sent eight hundred cavalry to help Sima Yue, and met Liu Yue on the road, the two sides fought for a round, and Liu You's generals were defeated, Sima Yue, with the help of Sima Yue, turned defeat into victory, advanced all the way and stationed in Tunyang Wu.
When the news reached Chang'an, Sima Qi was very panicked, and he wanted to kill the general Zhang Fang to curry favor with Sima Yue. Therefore, he sent Zhang Fang's henchmen to assassinate Zhang Fang, and after succeeding, he sent the head to Sima Yue, who also naively believed that Sima Yue's attack could be quelled. However, Sima Qi regretted it again and blamed the Assassins for killing Zhang Fang, and the Assassins were executed. However, Zhang Fang's death was even more unfavorable to Sima Qi, because Sima Yu captured Sima Qi's Xingyang, defeated Shi Chao, occupied Xuchang, and defeated Liu Qiao in Xiao County, and Liu Qiao fled to Nanyang.
Sima Yue's general Qi Hong and others broke through the Tong Pass and entered Guanzhong , and Sima Yue sent generals to resist Sima Yue's army, and after defeat, he fled alone to Taibai Mountain and hid. Then Sima Yue entered Chang'an, and after the Xianbei army entered Chang'an, he chose to slaughter the city and kill more than 20,000 people. Sima Ying's army on the Heqiao side was also defeated by Sima Yu's cavalry and the army of Ma Mo of the Pyeongchang Company.
After Sima Yue entered Chang'an, he made Liang Liu a general of Zhenxi and guarded Guanzhong. He led the princes and Xianbei generals and other troops to escort Emperor Hui of Jin back to Luoyang, and he was promoted to Taifu Lu Shangshu, adding the two counties of Pi and Jiyang, and Sima Yu was also given the title of Sikong.
Emperor Hui of Jin ordered his generals to search for Sima Ying, who had to flee with his two sons, and was captured in Dunqiu County by Taishou Feng Song, who handed over the three of them to Sima Yu in Yecheng, who could not bear to harm them and only imprisoned them father and son. However, more than a month later, Sima Yu was violently killed, and his long history Liu Yi believed that Sima Ying had a reputation in Yecheng and would pose a threat to him, so he forged an edict to give Sima Ying death, and his two sons were also killed.
In 307 AD, the Jin Hui Emperor Sima Zhi died suddenly, some people suspected that he was poisoned by Sima Yue, Sima Zhi's younger brother Sima Zhi succeeded to the throne, it was for Emperor Huai of Jin, as soon as Sima Ji ascended the throne, he issued an edict ordering Sima Ji to be Situ, let him return to the imperial court to accept the appointment, Sima Ji did not want to think about it, so he took a car on the road, and when he arrived at Xin'an Yonggu, he was killed in the car by the general Liang Chen sent by Sima Mo, and his two sons were also killed, and the Rebellion of the Eight Kings ended.
In 307, Emperor Huai of Jin changed Yuan Yongjia, and Sima Yue, King of Donghai, assisted him, seized the power of the imperial court, and became the final victor.
In the sixteen years of the Eight Kings Rebellion, the internal friction of the Western Jin Dynasty was serious. During this period, the social economy was seriously damaged, many people were killed, resulting in the lack of soldiers in the prefectures and counties, and various rapid contradictions broke out, coupled with serious natural disasters, bureaucratic corruption, and constant turmoil, which had completely lost control, and the uprisings of displaced people throughout the country broke out several major uprisings. These uprisings further shaken the ruling foundations of the Western Jin Dynasty.
In order to strengthen their control over various ethnic minorities, the Wei and Jin rulers moved a large number of ethnic minorities to the interior to replenish labor and strengthen their military strength, mainly the Xiongnu, Xianbei, Qiang, Di, and Qiang, known as the Wuhu. However, due to the discrimination and oppression of the Wei and Jin rulers, ethnic minorities such as Wuhu often fought with the Western Jin rulers, and also shook the ruling foundation of the Western Jin rulers.
Among them, Liu Yuanbu was the main one, he was the son of Liu Bao, the left marshal of the five Xiongnu departments, and after Liu Bao's death, he became the left marshal, and was promoted to the governor of the five departments during the Jin Emperor Hui. In the middle and late stages of the Rebellion of the Eight Kings, he was promoted by the Xiongnu nobles as a big danyu, prepared to rebel, gathered 50,000 soldiers and horses, and attacked Luoyang. Shi Le and Wang Mi respectively annexed Liu Yuan, greatly increasing Liu Yuan's strength, and in the second year of Yongjia, he became emperor, moved the capital south, and further advanced towards Luoyang.
In the third year of Yongjia, Liu Yuan and others formed a pincer against Luoyang, and after several battles, they failed to conquer Luoyang, and Liu Yuan's son Liu Cong, under the persuasion of Wang Mi, went south to divide Yanzhou and Yuzhou, and cut off the grain routes southeast of Luoyang, besieging Luoyang. The next year, Liu Yuan died, his son Liu Cong took the imperial throne, Luoyang due to a long siege, the city famine was serious, the following year, Liu Cong attacked Luoyang again, this year, Sima Yue died, the Western Jin Dynasty held a funeral for Sima Yue, Shi Le took the opportunity to pursue the mourning army, annihilated hundreds of thousands of Jin troops, the imperial lieutenant Wang Yan and others were also killed, captured Luoyang in June, Emperor Huai of Jin was also captured, and later poisoned, Sima Ye was in Chang'an, it was for Emperor Jin Su. In August, Han Zhao Liu Yu captured Chang'an, and Sima Mo the Prince of Nanyang was killed. In October, Shi Le eliminated the main Jin army on the Yellow River, and the Yongjia Rebellion ended. Later, Liu Yao attacked Chang'an, the Jin Emperor was captured, and the Western Jin Dynasty perished.
The Yongjia Rebellion, also known as the Five Hu Chaohua, was a number of non-Han regimes established by many ethnic minorities outside Serbia taking advantage of the Rebellion of the Eight Kings of the Western Jin Dynasty and the weakening of national strength, thus forming a long-term confrontation between the north and the south, which divided China for more than 270 years.
During the Wei and Jin dynasties, it was the gate politics of the powerful people, the society became more and more chaotic, the society was sick and rotten, and there was no way, it was really the emperor of flowing water, the iron clan of the Hao family, the emperor was just a puppet.
