Text|small writing
Editor|Pillow History Books
The system of folding is a unique form of official documents in the Qing Dynasty, its predecessor can be traced back to the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and there is a record of "the political affairs of the state in charge" in the "Rites of Zhou".
The systems, edicts, notes, and tables that can often be seen are all forms of official documents that express thoughts and issue orders in writing, and this form of official documents was produced according to historical records during the Yin Shang period.
According to the Book of Rites, the Shang Dynasty people "set up for documents", and the Zhou Dynasty inherited this form of official documents and developed into a system, which also slowly played a unique role in the governance of the country.
The role of the system in national governance
In national governance, the system is of special significance.
The emergence of the folding system was a major change in the document system in the Qing Dynasty, and the twist, also known as the secret fold, was a secret note directly sent by the subordinates to the emperor, which was not forwarded through the general administration department under the cabinet, and the emperor's instructions on the secret fold were not discussed with the cabinet ministers.
The folding system was created during the Kangxi Dynasty, and did exist in the 32nd year of the Kangxi Dynasty at the latest, and the Kangxi Dynasty already had strict regulations on the secrecy of the folding system, requiring the person to write it himself, and the content must not be known to others.
However, Kangxi granted only a specific number of people, mainly household slaves sent by the emperor to the local government and officials inside and outside the court, and only in the form of music and invitations, the content was mainly to report the situation of officials and the people, and the function was relatively simple.
The Yongzheng Emperor perfected and popularized the system of folding and folding, first, expanding the scope of personnel with folds, including governors, governors, governors, general soldiers, political envoys, inspectors, and scholarly officials, and even authorized some "lowly ranked" officials such as provincial government officials and deputy generals to have the right to secretly fold, requiring them to follow everything in the place.
Second, it expanded the scope of the content of the show, including the preparation of government affairs by the monarch, the formulation and implementation of policies, the understanding of local officials and the people's conditions, the discussion of the employment of personnel, and the announcement of the appointment of officials. The Yongzheng Emperor often used Zhu Bu to enlighten officials on how to behave and hold office, and to praise or discipline officials with tricks.
The third is to formulate a secrecy system for the folds, including taking back the Zhu Zhu folds, creating a special box lock for the folds, and the secret folding directly reaches the inner court, the emperor personally reads it, does not pretend to others, strictly prohibits his subordinates from exchanging the contents of the fold, complements the military aircraft department, ensures the absolute secrecy of the fold, and punishes those who do not abide by the provisions of the fold. Fourth, a system of Zhu's edict was formed.
On the one hand, the role of the system of folding strengthened the absolute rule of the monarchy, and on the other hand, it enabled the emperor to obtain a wide range of information, which was conducive to the emperor's decision-making and ensured the effectiveness of national governance.
The Yongzheng Emperor summarized the role of criticism of Zhu in two points in his "Zhu Zhizhi Decree - Frontispiece Edict": first, to communicate the feelings of the top and the bottom, so as to govern; The second is to enlighten the ministers and workers so that they can enter politics. Feng Erkang believes that what he said has some truth, but it is not thorough, and if there are any, he is not convenient to say it clearly.
The Yongzheng Emperor developed autocratic imperial power to the pinnacle through the folding system and the military aircraft department, and used the secret folding as a tool to implement reforms. The social problems reported by officials with different identities enable him to gain insight into the situation and provide a more reliable basis for formulating policies and appointing officials.
Through twists and turns, the monarchs discussed some issues privately among themselves and pooled their wisdom, which was conducive to reducing decision-making errors, and the envy he promoted was repeatedly discussed with local officials through close folds, so as to understand and weigh the pros and cons before decisively implementing them, and in the process of implementation, he guided and supervised them through twists and turns.
The Yongzheng Emperor also used the system of twists and turns to rectify the rule of officials, deter and control his subordinates, ensure political clarity, and the secrecy of the music affairs made the people have no scruples.
Nian Xinyao played an important role in the succession of the Yongzheng Emperor, and his sister was a side concubine of the Yongzheng Emperor and one of the Yongzheng Emperor's most trusted confidants.
Nian Xinyao served as the governor of Sichuan and Shaanxi during the Kangxi Dynasty for many years, and in the second year of the Yongzheng Emperor's succession, he was made a general of Fuyuan, and he played a role in quelling the rebellion in the northwest.
However, Nian Xinyao was flamboyant and arrogant, and the Yongzheng Emperor learned of his various bad deeds through twists and turns, and finally decided to execute him, and also ordered his subordinates to monitor each other, between superiors and subordinates, between central special commissioners and local officials.
Li Wei was appointed to Yanyi Province in Yunnan, and the Yongzheng Emperor asked the commander-in-chief of Yongbei Town in Yunnan to investigate Li Wei in secret, and when Li Wei was appointed governor of Zhejiang, the Yongzheng Emperor gave him instructions on the fold: "After Yu Yiyi took office, he carefully inspected and visited and heard about it."
Therefore, the system of compromise is indeed a tool for controlling bureaucrats. In the era of absolute monarchy, strengthening bureaucratic control was also within the scope of national governance and was an important part of national governance.
The emperor understood the facts and officials through the system of twists and turns, coupled with consulting with the minister of military aircraft, so that the major policies introduced would basically not occur absurdly.
Teaching experience
When eradicating the Nian Xinyao clique, the Yongzheng Emperor used Zhu to divide the Nian party and isolate Nian Xinyao. Zhu Ji to Li Weijun said: Your relationship in the same year was formed according to the order, do not be afraid, but gradually distance yourself in the same year.
The previous paragraph of material Yongzheng Emperor Zhu Batch involved Longkodo and Nian Xinyao, who were two important ministers who greatly assisted the Yongzheng Emperor in winning the throne, but the two were suspicious of each other and had a discordant relationship. The Yongzheng Emperor tried his best to reconcile, hoping that the two could work together reconcilingly.
Later, the two became pampered and arrogant, arbitrarily formed a party, and were completely purged by the Yongzheng Emperor in just a few years, who, in addition to his superb political skills, also used twists and turns to divide and disintegrate the forces of the party.
Many of the new policy measures implemented during the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor were implemented through repeated consultations with the relevant ministers to understand the pros and cons of their gains and losses.
Ruyong's large-scale implementation of land conversion and repatriation in ethnic minority areas in southwest China is the result of repeated consultations with several ministers who hold different opinions over the past several years.
When we analyze the system in teaching, we should pay attention to the fact that the Yongzheng Emperor's personal will derives from the reality of the society in which he lived, and in that case it had an impact on society.
During the Ming and Qing dynasties, especially since the 16th century, there were many major changes in China, which were synchronized with the changes in the world during this period, and even the components of the latter, a whole with many things in common.
Including "frequent population movements caused by population growth, deeper regional development, urban development and regional trade, contradictions between the state system and commercial development and their adjustment, the rise of civil society organizations, the intensification of social contradictions, and so on."
"Drastic changes will inevitably challenge the original pattern and order, the eastward arrival of Western colonial forces will inevitably cause contradictions with local countries and peoples, the movement of domestic population will inevitably lead to disputes between immigrants and indigenous peoples, and the demands of commercial trade development will inevitably conflict with the existing system... So change and crisis go hand in hand. ”
Therefore, "the country's concern and economy for the frontier should be placed in the framework of the change of the whole world, and commercial trade, population movements, regional development ... It is regarded as the driving force for the expansion and strengthening of the management of the frontiers of the Ming and Qing dynasties."
As Mr. Feng Erkang said, the emergence of Yongzheng and his politics is a product of the times.
The emergence of the relatively clear Yongzheng politics, the emergence of the more prominent historical figure Yongzheng, was nurtured by the Chinese monarchy that still allowed reform and the developing Manchus, and was also the result of his own personal historical role.
These two factors were indispensable, and Yongzheng and his political achievements showed that the monarchical society at that time could still develop, and had not yet completed the path it should take. ”
epilogue
We need to guide students to evaluate the system of dialectical evaluation. As far as its secret officials are concerned, they themselves contain the intention of encouraging their ministers to whistleblow on each other, making them spy in nature, resulting in the majority of ministers only acting in accordance with the will of the monarch in accordance with the rules, stifling people's subjective initiative and creativity, and stifling the growth of new things.
At best, it can only carry out partial reforms within feudal society to delay the end of feudal society, but it is impossible to promote the transformation of Chinese society to modern times, which also dooms the gap between China and Western countries to become larger and wider.
Yongzheng Emperor's approval: Xu is such a man
In short, in the past 40 years, historical research has achieved many new results, constantly excavating historical truth, constantly updating historical interpretation, and these systems that once existed have also been seen and understood by people more, and glimpsed a corner of history...
Bibliography:
1. "Records of the Ancestors of the Qing Dynasty"
2. "Qing Dynasty Central Institution Cultural and Historical Confidentiality System"