preface
The Ming and Qing dynasties were at the height of China's feudal dynasty.
The Ming and Qing dynasties' governance of the border areas went through a process of transplanting the inland system to the border areas.
Northwest Gui is located in the border area of Qian and Gui, the geographical environment is complex, and during the Ming and Qing dynasties, non-Han ethnic groups such as Yao and Shu were mainly distributed here, so dealing with the Yao and Xi problems became the key to governing Northwest Gui.
In the northwest of the Ming Dynasty, the non-Han ethnic group in the northwest of Gui was dominated by monks, and the Yao people showed a trend of scattered distribution. By the Qing Dynasty, with the deepening of the dynasty's rule, the understanding of the distribution of Yao and monks in northwestern Gui was clearer.
To this end, according to the special situation of northwestern Gui, the central dynasty mainly governed the region from the aspects of setting up and adjusting political regions, military control, and cultural and educational implementation.
From the Ming to the Qing Dynasty, the central dynasty's governance of the ethnic regions of northwestern Gui underwent a gradual deepening process.
In terms of administration, it is mainly manifested in the evolution from the setting of Tusi administrative districts in the Ming Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, which changed the land and returned to the river, and "changed the large and left the small", and adjusted the relevant Tuliu administrative areas accordingly according to the changes in the specific situation.
In terms of military control, the military town experienced the evolution of the military garrison system from the control points and lines of the Ming Dynasty to the control surface of the Qing Dynasty, which provided a guarantee for the central dynasty to strengthen the governance of the northwestern Gui region.
In the context of the strengthening of governance by the Central Dynasty, the exchanges between various ethnic groups in northwestern Gui gradually deepened.
The growing sense of identity of the non-Han ethnic group with the Central Dynasty promoted integration among various ethnic groups.
I. Ethnic distribution in northwest Gui during the Ming and Qing dynasties
At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, Qingyuan Road was changed to a prefecture, and in the Qing Dynasty it was still Qingyuan Prefecture. It can be seen that the northwestern region of Gui has a long history of being included in the dynastic administrative system.
During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the northwestern region of Gui roughly included Tian'e County in present-day Hechi City, Guangxi, Xincheng County in Laibin City, and Libo County in Guizhou Province.
Northwest Gui is located at the junction of Qian and Gui, with many mountains and few flat lands, and the climate of each region varies greatly. Based on the special geographical environment, the distribution of various ethnic groups in the region also has a certain impact.
Before the Song Dynasty, the records of various ethnic groups in northwestern Gui were very brief.
At the same time, it should be noted that the literature of the Song and Yuan dynasties still lacks records on the spatial distribution and relationship of the African Han ethnic groups in northwest Gui.
In the northwest region of Gui in the Ming Dynasty, the distribution of Yao people was mainly concentrated in more remote mountainous areas. The distribution range of Yao and monks in the northwest region of Gui in the Qing Dynasty did not change much compared with the Ming Dynasty.
Second, the evolution of the Tusi administrative region in northwest Gui during the Ming and Qing dynasties
The Ming Dynasty inherited the provincial system of the Yuan Dynasty, but due to the great power of the provinces, on this basis, "three departments" were set up to be in charge of the military, administration, and judiciary, so as to strengthen the centralization of power.
In the management of places below the provincial level, the military and political methods are mainly adopted, that is, setting up political districts and stationing guardhouse troops.
During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the northwestern region of Gui was inhabited by the Yao and Shu ethnic groups, and the administrative governance of the region by the dynasty rulers experienced the process of gradually changing the river and "flowing soil and ruling" from the establishment of the Tusi administrative region to the Qing Dynasty.
The garrison of the guard from the Ming Dynasty to the garrison of the Green Camp in the Qing Dynasty was a military means to strengthen the control of the dynasty, and both military and political were used, which eventually promoted the process of "mainlandization" in northwest Gui.
During the Yongzheng period, the local officials of other Tusi administrative districts continued to be appointed. It was not until the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China period that the Tusi administrative region in northwestern Gui completed the transformation one after another. This shows that the process of land conversion and return to the river in northwest Gui is slow.
The change of political districts in northwest Gui is only one of the ways to manage ethnic areas, and the adoption of military control strategies is the most direct way to deal with the "turmoil" of the African Han ethnic groups in northwest Gui.
III. The "Unrest" of Non-Han Ethnic Groups in Northwest Gui
The Ming and Qing dynasties were at the height of feudal centralized rule in China. The handling of the frontier issue can reflect the military policy strategy of the Central Dynasty.
In the Ming Dynasty, in Yun, Gui, Guangxi and other provinces in the southwest region, there were many non-Han ethnic groups, and local development could not be coordinated.
For Guangxi, the Ming Dynasty, the Shu, Yao, Han, Miao and other ethnic groups were widely distributed, with large mixed and small settlements, and the contradictions between non-Han ethnic groups and Han ethnic groups, contradictions between non-Han ethnic groups, and contradictions between non-Han ethnic groups and official governments were intertwined.
Therefore, the "turmoil" of non-Han ethnic groups in Guangxi, especially the Yao and Shu, in the Ming Dynasty was very frequent, and the reasons were complex, so the Ming Dynasty not only set up a guard station to garrison, but also constantly sent large troops to suppress it.
Although the "turmoil" of the Han ethnic group in Guangxi and West Africa was greatly eased in the Qing Dynasty, small-scale resistance struggles still occurred from time to time, on the one hand, related to the deepening of the Qing Dynasty's administrative rule, and on the other hand, related to strict military deployment.
During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the governance of the ethnic regions in northwestern Gui was still a thorny issue, and the military policy strategy mainly revolved around the governance of Tusi and the response to the "turmoil" of ethnic minorities, of which military control was an important guarantee for the implementation of administrative governance.
The military measures adopted by the Qing Dynasty against the northwestern region of Gui were manifested in the detailed division of labor and clear garrison of the Green Camp garrison.
Since then, the patrol system has been implemented in areas where "unrest" was frequent, monitoring its conduct. Then arrange the corresponding gates in each area.
Apparently, the Qing court increased its control over northwestern Gui, forming a multi-faceted pattern of governance, and had extended the power of the central dynasty to the management of grassroots villages.
Compared with the military measures of the Ming Dynasty, it is to grasp the initiative and implement governance more vigorously. Thus, through the military measures adopted by the Ming and Qing dynasties against northwestern Gui, the interaction between various ethnic groups was objectively promoted, and the identity of non-Han ethnic groups with the country was also produced.
4. Ethnic exchanges and national identity in northwestern Gui during the Ming and Qing dynasties
The Ming Dynasty was an important period for the implementation of the Tusi system. Although the recanalization of Guangxi local officials had begun since the early Ming Dynasty, the results of the retraining were not great, and the local management of local officials was later restored.
For some ordinary people, after making household arrangements in the areas under the jurisdiction of the liuguan, they were protected from exploitation by the local officials.
During the Ming and Qing dynasties, education in the border areas was further developed. The development of education enabled non-Han intellectuals to receive the "Confucianization" education of the Central Dynasty.
"Confucianization" refers to the universal political thinking of society with Confucianism as the most basic cultural feature.
The basic idea of Confucianism is benevolence, righteousness, propriety, and wisdom. After receiving education in Confucianism, non-Han intellectuals developed a sense of national orthodoxy.
Orthodoxy refers to attributing human order and morality to heaven and emperors, and arguing the legitimacy of power in a secular way.
For the northwest region of Gui, the "Confucianization" of non-Han intellectuals is more evident in the local officials and officials.
When serving as a local official, in order to establish his own legitimacy status, the local official adopted a corresponding way to promote orthodox culture in order to conform to orthodoxy.
After the Qing Dynasty, the rulers changed their tactics and implemented in-depth governance over non-Han ethnic groups, and achieved good results.
Even the non-Han ethnic groups in Fushui, the three chao areas of the north, south and west, which are the most difficult to govern in northwest Gui, have now become people who serve with the government and keep to themselves, and are willing to go to school and receive education.
The only problem that worries me is that displaced people from Hunan and Guangdong are inducing ignorant non-Han ethnic groups to form alliances and gather crowds to cause "turmoil."
On the whole, by the Qing Dynasty, officials Shi Dafu believed that the vast majority of non-Han ethnic groups in northwestern Gui had identified with and were willing to accept the control of the dynasty, and formed a political identity with the state and became the people of the state.
summary
During the Ming and Qing dynasties, Qingyuan Province in northwestern Gui was located in a border ethnic region, with a very important geographical location and complex ethnic relations, and the main non-Han ethnic groups were Yao and Xuan.
The Ming and Qing dynasties were in a highly developed stage of centralized power, and in the face of the "turmoil" of the Yao servants, the Ming and Qing dynasties actively took various measures to maintain their social welfare.
The rulers mainly used administrative, military, cultural and educational means to govern the northwestern region of Gui.
Administrative means are mainly embodied in the establishment and adjustment of Tusi administrative districts under the control of liuguan, and there are many non-Han ethnic groups in the northwest region of Gui in the Ming Dynasty, and through the establishment of Tusi administrative districts, the implementation of "razing and destroying" to govern non-Han ethnic groups.
In the Qing Dynasty, in order to solve the problem of excessive power of local officials, the Qing court strengthened its control over local officials by changing the land and returning to the river, "reforming the big and leaving the small", and limiting and weakening the power of the local officials.
As far as military means were concerned, from the Ming to the Qing Dynasty, the non-Han ethnic groups in northwest Gui were constantly "turbulent", and the relationship between various ethnic groups was complicated.
In response to the "turmoil" of non-Han ethnic groups, the Ming court actively implemented the guardhouse system and vigorously built the city, which was conducive to the timely transfer of troops to quell the chaos on the one hand, and on the other hand, it was also conducive to controlling important strongholds and communication lines, and providing security for the Han people living in the city.
In the Qing Dynasty, in response to the "turmoil" of non-Han ethnic groups, on the one hand, the Qing court promoted the reform of the land and returned to the river, on the other hand, established a garrison system of green battalion soldiers, implemented the patrol post system, and strengthened the defense of the pass, which not only achieved strict monitoring of the non-Han ethnic groups, but also promoted national governance to the grassroots society in ethnic areas, accelerating the process of "inlandization" of the frontiers.
Under the governance of the Ming and Qing dynasties, the political, economic, cultural and other aspects of the ethnic groups became increasingly close.
In the process of exchanges, the national identity of the non-Han ethnic group with the Central Dynasty was continuously strengthened, and the perception of the non-Han ethnic group by Han officials and scholars also changed.
It can be seen that the national governance of border ethnic areas is a gradual and deepening process. In this process, the interaction between various ethnic groups has promoted the ties between various ethnic groups and enhanced the feelings and national identity of various ethnic groups.
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