At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Mongolia was divided into dozens of tribes, of which the Chahar tribe was the strongest. After taking the throne, Lin Dan Khan of the Chahar tribe controlled many tribes in the north and south of the desert, effectively becoming the ally of the Mongol tribes. The Khorqin, Khalkha and other tribes that were close to the Jurchens were often involved in wars between the Jianzhou Jurchens and other Jurchens.
Map of the end of the Ming Dynasty
In the twenty-first year of Wanli (1593), Horqin Taiji Ming'an and others jointly invaded Jianzhou with the Jurchen Yehe, Ula, Huifa and other forces, and were defeated by Nur Hachi. The following year, Ming An sent an envoy to make peace with Nurhach. In the 40th year of Wanli (1612), Nurhachi married Ming'an's daughter as a concubine. After that, Horqin, Zalut and other tribes married the Nurhachi family many times. It opened nearly three hundred years of Manchu-Mongolian marriage.
In the forty-fourth year of Wanli (1616), Nurhachi unified the Jurchen ministries and established Houjin, making the Mongol ministries feel threatened. So Lin Dan Khan allied with the Ming Dynasty and joined forces to curb Nurhach's expansion. Nurhachi took advantage of the contradictions between various tribes and clans to use methods such as appeasement, inducement, intermarriage, and coercion to divide the Mongol tribes and isolate Lin Dan Khan.
Qing Taizu Nur Hachi
In the fourth year of the Mandate of Heaven (Nurhach's year name) (1619), Later Jin defeated the Khalkha Mongol army at the Liao River, capturing several leaders of the Khalkha and Zarut and Sanggar, son of Ming'an. The following year, Houjin released Semoto, the leader of the Zarut tribe, and made Semoto swear: "If you do not thank the map, you will harm your subjects." ”
In the sixth year of the Mandate of Heaven (1621), Later Jin conquered Shenyang, where the Ming army was stationed, and then attacked Liaoyang. The Khalkha took the opportunity to attack Shenyang in an attempt to rescue the captured Jaisang Noyan, but was defeated by Houjin. So the Khalkha department redeemed Jaisan with hostages and livestock. Soon, Khalkha Taiji Gurbush and Manggul led 600 families to Houjin, and Nurhachi married his daughter Songutu to Gurbush. After that, some of the Khalkha and Zaruttaiji, who were dissatisfied with Lin Dan Khan, defected to Nurhachi. In the ninth year of the Mandate of Heaven (1624), the Horqin chief Oba made Nurhachi a vassal and first annexed Houjin. In the following year, Lin Dan Khan sent troops to attack the Horqin Army, and Nurhachi ordered Manggultai and Huang Taiji to come to the rescue, and Lin Dan Khan was forced to retreat. In the eleventh year of the Mandate of Heaven (1626), Later Jin conquered the Bahrain and Zarut tribes, plundering their population and livestock.
Emperor Taizong of the Qing Dynasty Emperor Taiji (son of Nurhach)
In the first year (1627) of Tiancong (Emperor Taiji's year name), the two departments of Zhuoman and Ao Han were annexed to Houjin. The following year, the Karaqin Ministry was annexed, and Emperor Taiji sent troops to recruit Chahar. After that, the Zarut Ministry was annexed to Houjin. In the fourth year of Tiancong (1630), the four sub-tribes and the Agaokorqin tribe were annexed. In the sixth year of Tiancong (1632), the Weng Niu Special Department was annexed. In April, Emperor Taiji again made a conquest of Har, and brought the Karaqin, Zarut, Ao Han, Zhangman, Wengniut, Bahrain, and Horqin troops to meet with them. However, most of the Mongol troops were reluctant to engage the Chahar, and the soldiers and horses were "uneven in number, and the speed was different", and some "only served in one brigade". In May, Houjin marched to Guihua City, and Lin Dan Khan crossed the Yellow River south and fled to Ordos. Houjin captured thousands of Chahars. In the following year, the Maoming Ministry and the Urat Ministry were annexed.
Lin Danhan fled Qinghai
In the eighth year of Tiancong (1634), Lin Dan Khan died of illness in the Great Grass Beach, and the Chahar and Keshketen tribes surrendered one after another. In the following year (1635), Emperor Taiji ordered Dolgon, Yueto, Saharian, and Hauge to lead 10,000 troops into Ordos and continue to attack the rest of Chahar, and Erzhe, the son of Lin Dan Khan, was ordered by his mother to present a jade seal of the "Treasure of Making" to Dolgon, and after the surrender of Jin, the Chahar Department perished, and the Eight Banners Chahar were replaced. The Ordos Department and the naturalized city of Tumut were all surrendered, and all southern Mongolia was unified in Houjin. For the subordinate Mongol tribes, Emperor Taiji managed them by means of building flags and demarcating boundaries. By the time of Shunzhi, the Mongol tribes had been organized into banners, and the pastoral boundaries were fixed. In order to prevent the Mongol flags from uniting, it is forbidden to cross the border and communicate with each other.
In April of the tenth year of Tiancong (1636), Taiji, the prince of various Mongol tribes in southern Mongolia, made a pilgrimage to Shengjing, and was honored by the emperor "Bogda Khan". Emperor Taiji changed the name of the country to Daqing and changed it to Yuan Chongde. He put the Mongolian Yamen in charge of Mongolian affairs, and sent personnel to the Mongolian ministries under its jurisdiction to "check household registration, compile cattle records, meet foreign clans, try criminals, issue laws, and prohibit rape and theft."
Tiancong conquered the Later Jin Kingdom after Monan-Mongolia in the last year
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