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相信不熟悉蒙古和元朝历史的小伙伴一定会有这样的疑问，到底蒙古和元朝是怎么一回事？ 今天就为大家介绍蒙古帝国和元朝以及四大汗国他们之间的关系。 话不多说，正文开始......
一、蒙古帝国简介
The Mongol Empire is the collective name given by Western historians to the Mongol dynasty and the four major khanates established by the Mongols in the 13th century.
公元1206年，孛儿只斤·铁木真在斡难河上游的大忽里勒台被推举为大可汗，标志着大蒙古国的诞生。 铁木真及其子孙在对外征战中，建立起了东起日本海、西抵地中海、北跨西伯利亚、南至波斯湾的辽阔疆域，国土面积横跨亚欧大陆，极盛时国土面积达三千余万平方公里（含西伯利亚北部），是人类历史上连续的面积最大的帝国。
After the Mongol conquest to the west, the Kipchak Khanate, Chagatai Khanate, Wokotai Khanate and Ilkhanate were established in the conquered areas. 四大汗国的统治者在血统上都出自“黄金家族”，同奉大蒙古国为宗主。 公元1259年孛儿只斤·蒙哥去世之后引发内战，四大汗国都获得了实质上的独立，与元朝之间互不统属，战争不断。 四大汗国直至公元1304年元成宗时期方才一同承认元朝的宗主地位。
The Mongols established an empire across the Eurasian continent, but the territory was complex in landform, backward in transportation, numerous nationalities, different levels of social development, and different languages and cultural traditions, making it impossible to achieve complete unification. From the time of its birth, the Mongol Empire could not avoid the fate of collapse. After the middle of the 14th century, the four major khanates gradually declined. The establishment of the Mongol Empire accelerated cultural and technological exchanges between the East and the West, and promoted multi-ethnic cultural and commercial exchanges.
二、蒙古帝国的发展历史
The name Mongolia was first seen in the Tang Dynasty. 当时时在狃越河（即今洮儿河）以北，西至俱轮泊（今呼伦湖）周围，东至那河（今嫩江），北至黑龙江的地域内，分布着许多许多被统称为“室韦”的大小部落。 A large part of these tribes, called the Mughu Murwe, lived north of present-day Greater Khingan Ridge and south of the lower reaches of the Erguna River.
In the 13th century, the Mongols themselves said that their ancestral home was still called "Ergunakun", which is consistent with the ancient historical records. In the early Southern Song Dynasty, Hong Hao's "Records of Songmo" pointed out for the first time: "Blind bones, "Khitan Deeds" is called the ancient kingdom, that is, the Mengmu Department of Tang. (Belonging to the Tang Dynasty Weidu Governor's Mansion)
1. The Kingdom of Mugh
During the Liao Dynasty, the Mongol tribes were subjects of the Khitan Dynasty's Great Liao Dynasty and were directly ruled by the Liao Dynasty. 公元1125年，金灭辽，并大举南下，于是蒙古草原上的孛儿只斤部落酋长合不勒趁机自立，拓土开疆，威势日盛，附近各族于是在公元1127年推举他为蒙古部长，遂称“合不勒汗”。 Soon, Emperor Taizong of Jin summoned him to the dynasty, and during the banquet, he was drunk and gaffe, offending Long Yan, and since then he has been at war with the Jin court for many years. 终于公元1148年金朝与合不勒汗议和，册封合不勒为“蒙兀国王”。
2. Greater Mongolia
蒙古人是蒙兀王国人的后代，12世纪初期之后，蒙古各部逐渐迁徙到蒙古高原，10世纪到12世纪，蒙古高原先后被于辽朝统治，有时臣服于金朝，至公元1200年左右，随着金朝的逐渐衰落及蒙古势力的逐渐强盛，蒙古不再向金朝进贡。
公元1206年，孛儿只斤·铁木真统一蒙古各部，在斡难河（今鄂嫩河）源头召开库里尔台大会，即蒙古大汗位，号成吉思汗，建国号为“大蒙古国”，漠北结束了长期混战的局面。
3. The Mongol Empire's Western Expedition and the establishment of the Four Great Khanates
公元1209年~公元1218年，蒙古人先后征服高昌回鹘与西辽，为其打开了挺进中亚与欧洲的门户。 In 1211, the Mongol Iron Horse attacked the Jin Dynasty and captured Zhongdu.
In 1218, in order to eliminate the remnants of the enemy Naiman Prince Qu Chulu, the Mongols sent troops to destroy the Western Liao regime, which had been usurped by Qu Chulu.
公元1219年至公元1222年，由于花剌子模劫杀蒙古的使者及商团，故成吉思汗兼并花剌子模（今中亚细亚的乌兹别克斯坦、土库曼斯坦一带），攻占多个主要城池。 Sultan Mahamat, the ruler of Khorazm, fled to an isolated island in the Caspian Sea region and died of illness.
In 1223 AD, Genghis Khan sent Subutai to continue its westward march, defeating the 9 allied forces of Kipchak in the Kipchak steppe, defeating the Grand Duke of Kievan Rus in what is now Ukraine, and then withdrawing his army.
In 1226, Genghis Khan, who was critically ill, again conquered Western Xia, and at the end of Western Xia the following year, Emperor Li Jing surrendered.
In 1227, Genghis Khan fell ill and died in Liupanshan. At that time, the Mongol Empire included the Mongolian Plateau, northwestern, northeastern and northern China, and most of Central Asia and West Asia. Wokotai succeeded the Mongol Great Khan.
In 1235, the Mongol army began to attack Kipchak and Russia, capturing Moscow and other cities.
In 1240 AD, Batu captured Kiev.
In 1241, Batu led his troops into Poland, Hungary, Slovakia, and the Czech Republic until they reached near Vienna, Austria, the westernmost part of the Mongol army.
蒙古帝国在新征服的地区先后建立了金帐汗国、窝阔台汗国、察合台汗国、伊利汗国四大汗国。
In 1241, the Great Khan of Wokotai died, the khan was empty for five or six years, the kings ruled separately, and the central power of the Mongol Empire began to weaken.
三、蒙古帝国的分裂
公元1259年蒙哥汗死后，忽必烈于公元1260年5月，在以东道诸王塔察儿为首的蒙古宗王及汉人儒臣的支持下抢先集会称汗。 After Ali Buge heard the news, with the support of the Western Daozong king headed by Haidu, he held the "Khuril Tai" congress, that is, the Great Khan's throne, in Hala and Lin, the capital of the Mongol Empire at that time.
Because Kublai Khan lived in the Central Plains for a long time, appointed Han Chinese, implemented Han law, changed the nomadic traditions of the Mongols, and caused dissatisfaction among many Mongol princes and nobles, most of the kings of Western Dao supported Ali Buge at that time. Civil war broke out in the Mongol Empire.
The Wokotai Khanate, the Kipchak Khanate and the Chagatai Khanate supported Ali Buko, and the Ilkhanate supported Kublai Khan. After Kublai Khan defeated Ali Buge, the Wokotai Khanate, the Kipchak Khanate and the Chakhatai Khanate did not recognize Kublai Khan as the Great Khan of Mongolia, and only the Ilkhanate recognized Kublai Khan's status as the Great Khan of Mongolia, and the Mongol Empire disintegrated.
Kublai Khan's power was then limited to the East, and in the official view of the Yuan Dynasty, the Yuan emperor should also be the Mongol Great Khan.
四、元朝以及四大汗国各自发展
1. Yuan Dynasty
成吉思汗统一蒙古诸部落后，对周边地区不断地发动战争，到公元1234年吞并金国完全占领中国华北，后元宪宗蒙哥去世，引发了阿里不哥和忽必烈的汗位之争，导致大蒙古国解体。
公元1260年忽必烈即汗位，建元“中统”。 公元1271年忽必烈取《易经》“大哉乾元”之意改国号为“大元”，次年迁都燕京，称大都。 后在公元1279年崖山海战攻灭南宋统一中国。
After the Yuan unified China, it continued to expand abroad, but it suffered repeated defeats when going to sea to conquer Japan and Southeast Asian countries, such as the Yuan-Japanese War, the Yuan-Vietnam War, and the Yuanclaw War. In 1304 AD, during the reign of Emperor Chengzong of Yuan, he obtained the suzerainty recognized by the four major khanates, and in 1310 AD, during the reign of Emperor Wuzong of Yuan, he and the Chagatai Khanate conquered the Wokotai Khanate and obtained the territory of Moxi. In the middle of the Yuan period, the imperial throne changed frequently, and politics was never on the right track. In the later period, political corruption, interference in government affairs, and intensified ethnic and class contradictions led to peasant uprisings at the end of the Yuan Dynasty.
In 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang led a peasant army to capture Nanjing, followed by the Northern Expedition to occupy Beijing, after which the Yuan court retired to Mobei, known as the "Northern Yuan". In 1388 AD, after the lord of the Northern Yuan was killed by Ali Buge, a descendant of Ali Buge, he went to the Great Yuan Kingdom to be called Mongolia, and the Ming Dynasty was called "Tatar", and the Northern Yuan perished.
2. Wokotai Khanate (1225~1309)
It is mainly the homeland of Western Liao (present-day Xinjiang and Central Asia). After Kublai Khan moved the capital, the Wokotai Khanate, which supported Alibugo, refused to submit to Kublai Khan and became independent. The fiefdom of Wokuotai included the upper reaches of the Irtysh River and the area east of Lake Balkhash, with its capital city in Yemili (present-day Emin, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region).
公元1229年，窝阔台即大汗之位，将封地赐给其长子贵由。 公元1246年，贵由汗继位，但两年后便病故。 The position of the Great Khan was transferred from the Wokuotai system to the Thunder Department. In 1251, the new Great Khan Meng Ge suppressed the kings of the Wokotai lineage, in addition to executing and transferring some of the princes, he also gave the territory of the Wokotai Khanate to the princes and grandsons to weaken their power.
After Kublai Khan succeeded to the throne, he pursued a policy of sinicization, which caused dissatisfaction among the princes of the Mongol Empire headed by Sun Haidu, the concubine of Wokuotai. Haidu has repeatedly rebelled against the Yuan army, which is a major threat to the Yuan Dynasty. In 1301, Haidu led more than 40 rebel princes to invade the Yuan Dynasty, intending to replace them, but was defeated by the Yuan army at Hala and Lin, and Haidu died soon after. In 1310, his son Chaba'er was defeated by the Chagatai Khanate and the Wokotai Khanate died.
3. Chagatai Khanate (1227~1369)
It is located in present-day Xinjiang and Central Asia. It was contested many times by Kublai Khan, Alibuko and other forces. This was the fiefdom of Chagatai, the second son of Genghis Khan, and initially possessed the old land of Western Liao, including the land north and south of the Tianshan Mountains and between the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers, and the capital city Alimali (present-day Huocheng County, Xinjiang).
In 1310, it merged most of the fiefdoms of the Wokotai Khanate, and its territory stretched from Turpan in the east, Amu Darya River in the west, Tarbahatai Mountain in the north, and the Xingdu Kush Mountain in the south. The Mongol military aristocracy and the local Turkic nomadic nobility together formed the ruling class, striving to maintain the patriarchal relationship of nomadic feudalism. Turkization of the Mongols is relatively common.
In 1365, the khanate was divided into eastern and western parts. 东察合台汗国领有窝阔台汗国旧地，以西辽的疏附为都，后进一步分裂，公元1570年东察合台汗国被叶尔羌汗国消灭。 西察合台汗国领有中亚的河中之地，以撒马尔罕为都城，公元1369年西察合台汗国成为帖木儿帝国附庸，公元1370年被帖木儿帝国所灭，公元1402年西察合台汗国正式消失。
4. Kipchak Khanate (1219~1502) (Golden Horde)
Located in present-day Hungary, Poland, Ukraine, the European part of Russia, the North Caucasus, and part of Khorezm, the Rus principalities were its vassal states and were created by Badu. During his lifetime, Genghis Khan gave his eldest son Shuchi a fiefdom the vast Kipchak steppe north of the Aral Sea and the Caspian Sea.
In 1235 AD, Batu, the eldest son of Shuchi, conquered Rus and Eastern Europe in the west, with a vast territory from the Yenisei River in the east, the lower Danube River in the west, the Caucasus Mountains in the south, and the Russian Plain in the north. At the end of the Western Expedition in 1243, Badu established the Kipchak Khanate with Sarai on the lower Volga River as its capital. Because of the golden color of the Great Khan's tent, Europeans also called it the Golden Horde. Batu later divided the northeastern part of the Aral Sea to the Jaludo, called the White Horde, and the land north of the Aral Sea and west to the Ural River to the Shiban as the Blue Horde, both with the Golden Horde as the suzerainty.
The territory of the Golden Horde generally consisted of two parts, one was nomadic areas such as the Kipchak steppe, and the other was agricultural areas such as Russia. The Mongols ruled according to local conditions, and the nomadic areas were directly controlled by the Mongols and were the center of gravity of the khanate. The Rus region retained the feudal power of its original princes and then controlled it, and the princes were required to pay tribute to the khan and accept canonization.
From the end of the 13th century, the Kipchaks chose the most tame from among the princes of Rus, and made him "Vladimir and the Grand Duke of All Russia", and the recipient had the right to collect tribute from all over Europe and hand over the Golden Horde Khan uniformly. The princes of Rus competed with each other for the title of Grand Duke, fighting brutally, either by snitching on the Golden Horde to eliminate their opponents, or by fighting each other directly.
The Mongols took advantage of this strategy and enjoyed their success and achieved effective rule over Rus. 自公元1219年建国到14世纪中叶的100年间，是金帐汗国国势极盛时代。 The Mongol nobility gradually merged with the nobility of the nomadic tribes of the Kipchak steppe, switched to Turkic language, converted to Islam, constantly competed with the neighboring Ili Khanate for Azerbaijan and other places, and often used large armies to recruit untamed Russian princes.
In 1341, after the death of the Uzbek Khan, internal contradictions intensified and internal strife revolved. Under the blows or counterattacks of the Timurid Empire, which emerged from the Western Chagatai Khanate (present-day Central Asia) as the core, and the Muscovite Principality, which rose to the Rus principalities and began to continue to invade and expand abroad after obtaining the Nagon mandate, the country's power declined day by day. In 1395, after being defeated by Yedigu, it was renamed the Great Horde Khanate.
In the 15th century, the Kazan Khanate, the Crimean Khanate, the Astrakhan Khanate, and the Siberian Khanate were divided. 公元1480年莫斯科公国吸收合并雅罗斯拉夫尔、罗斯托夫等俄罗斯诸公国统一俄罗斯后反抗大帐汗国统治，使大帐汗国失去俄罗斯的领土，公元1502年金帐汗国被克里米亚汗国消灭。
5. Ili Khanate (1256~1388)
Located in the Caucasus, Iran, Iraq and other places, it was created by Xu Lieqiu. The khanate established for the expedition of the third son of Thunder Xu Lieqiu to West Asia. In 1264, Kublai Khan officially canonized Xu Lieqiu as Yilkhan. The country stretches from the Amr River in the east, the Mediterranean Sea in the west, the Caucasus in the north, and the Indian Ocean in the south, with its capital in Tabriz.
In 1295, after Taizan Khan succeeded to the throne, in order to save the crisis. Ease social contradictions, abandon traditional policies, and comprehensively implement Islamization reforms to win the support of many Muslim nobles and consolidate the order of feudal rule. He led his army to abandon their original religious beliefs, convert to Islam, and make it the state religion; Vigorously promote the traditional Arab military fiefdom system, which keeps peasants strictly fixed on the land and pays rent to those who have the fiefdom; abolish the taxation system, set tax rates, and severely punish those who collect abusively; unify the currency system and weights and measures, and formulate industrial and commercial tax rules; Encourage reclamation, build roads, reduce the number of posts, approve troops, and prohibit corruption; Rewarding culture and advocating academics.
Therefore, by the beginning of the 14th century, the social economy of the Ili Khanate had been greatly restored, feudal rule was strengthened for a time, and Islamic culture was also quite developed.
In 1304, Ghazan Khan died. Shortly thereafter, the situation inside and outside Ili Khan became increasingly serious. There are kings contending for power, power and courtiers contending, and internal strife one after another; Outside, the Mamluk dynasty and the Kipchak Khanate of Egypt continued to plunder, and the country's fortunes were in disarray. In 1353 AD it split into the Kartid, Mozaffar, Zarayil and Chubaini dynasties. In 1388, it was finally destroyed by the emerging Timurid Empire in Central Asia.
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