As a symbol of rank and status, the study of Zhang Uniform and Qilu is also an important part of the study of officials. The treatment of court painters in the Song Dynasty was very generous, exceeding the limits of rank in many places. The status of court painters in the Song Dynasty is very high, although the Southern Song Dynasty is partial to the south of the Jiang, its system is inherited from the Northern Song Dynasty, so the Zhang uniforms of the former painters of the Southern Song Dynasty have many of the same places as the Northern Song Dynasty, and the author will discuss them one by one below.
The medallion's uniform of the former painter of the Southern Song Dynasty
In the history of Northern Song painting, there are many records about the Northern Song Dynasty Hanlin Picture Academy to be edicted painters "Purple" and "Goldfish Belt", the Song Dynasty inherited the system of the Tang Dynasty, and the early years of the Southern Song Dynasty followed the system after the reform of the Northern Song Dynasty Yuanfeng, so we can clearly see the medallion and the standard of the Southern Song Dynasty imperial painter.
As mentioned earlier, the rank of the Southern Song Dynasty imperial painters was mostly civilian officials from the sixth rank down to the ninth grade, so most of the painters' official uniforms were green in color, and a few were worn, and the belts were gold painted silver belts or black silver and rhino horn belts, holding wood poverty. Although the system is so, in fact it is not the same. Different from the large number of "purple gifts" and "goldfish bags" in the Northern Song Dynasty, the phenomenon of "giving gold belts" in the Southern Song Dynasty was widespread.
As a low-level civilian casual official, the former painters of the Southern Song Dynasty were routinely required to wear green, copper, iron, horn, and stone. It was more common for Southern Song painters to make exceptions to the gold belt, especially during the Gaozong period, when the largest number was the largest, and the "History of Song" repeatedly mentioned that "the gifter is not in this case". The exception to the painter "golden belt", on the one hand, mainly reflects the favor of the Southern Song emperor to the imperial painter, and on the other hand, it also shows the loose implementation of the social system of the Southern Song Dynasty.
The former painter of the Southern Song Dynasty
There are many names in the Song Dynasty, and the most basic can be divided into two categories: invitations and additions. Receiving is the main gift, including material money, that is, the official's monthly money, clothing: spring and winter, or cotton, and monthly grain, that is, Lu millet. The official of the "General Examination of Literature" "Lu Rank": "Those who are called recipients are called clothing, grain, and materials. "Additions are paid according to their status and position. Since the status of painters is generally not high, we can only look at the painter's income from the general deserved of the official of the imperial painter.
In the Song Dynasty, Cheng Zhonglang "belonged to the eighth rank of junior envoys." On September 25 of the second year of the Northern Song Dynasty, it was directly changed from Zuo Ban Hall. Shaoxing was determined to enter the forty-ninth rank of the fifty-second rank of the pinwu rank, second to Zhonghulang. Zhengjiu Pin". According to the general table of the Southern Song Dynasty Lilu in the "Song Dynasty Official Dictionary", Cheng Zhonglang's Lilu is: material money is consistent, with job money is consistent, clothing or grain is spring and winter silk, winter cotton two.
Another martial rank official Chengxin Lang Lilu is "material money guan, spring and winter silk horses, clothes and money guan", the rank is from the sixth product, and his li lu is: "material money guan, tea soup money guan, clothing and grain have cooking materials to fight, face stone bucket, discarded bundle, firewood bundle, horse, winter silk, winter cotton two." The payment method is: half cash, half discount. Discount money every time. ”
"Material money through, tea soup money through, clothing and grain for coming, noodles and stone dou", the method of payment is the same as Cheng Zhilang, half cash, half folded expenditure, Cheng Lang is the thirty steps of the thirty steps of the Wen Chen Zhilu official, that is, the last order, from the ninth grade, Li Lu is relatively small, "material money through, the payment method is one penny cash, two points of discount, each pass of money, in Beijing, in foreign languages." ”
By analyzing the salaries of the imperial painters who were conferred with officials, we can basically understand the income of court painters, and compared with the imperial officials at that time, the conferred painters were relatively small and belonged to a low-paid family. The highest genus is Jonairo from the Rokupin. As mentioned above, Emperor Gaozong appreciated the purpose of the painting wall, and gave him a golden hand. Therefore, the painter's income should be more, and in addition, due to the relatively relaxed working environment, whether the painter makes money outside the court is also something we need to consider.
Whether the imperial painter earns money "part-time" outside the court, the author believes that there is such a situation. For example, Hangzhou Zhaoying Temple "The temple has Xiao Zhao landscape, Su Hanchen painted the wall" and the Wusheng Temple has Su Hanchen painting the wall. In addition to being ordered to paint the murals of these temples, it is also possible that someone paid them to do them. During the Southern Song Dynasty, due to the impact of war, prices soared, "because everything was expensive, not only the people were not happy, but also the lives of ordinary officials were greatly affected, especially the low-ranking selection of people who bore the brunt of it." ”
Emperor Gaozong of Song also admitted that the price of food and clothing during the Shaoxing period was more than three times that of Xuanhe. The increase in the cost of living made it impossible for painters to live on their livelihood alone, but to find another way, and private commercial activities may have increased the income of some painters.
The former painters of the Southern Song Dynasty further separated themselves from the status of "craftsmen", and many were granted official positions and received salaries, improving the social status of painters. The emperor's rewards and "part-time jobs" outside the court increased their income, allowing some imperial painters to "stop worrying about their wealth."
Selection of former painters of the Southern Song Dynasty
During the Southern Song Dynasty, due to the weakening of the court's control over imperial painters, the selection of painters was also somewhat different from the selection system of painters in the Hanlin Picture Academy in the Northern Song Dynasty.
The court painting of the Southern Song Dynasty is in the same vein as the court painting of the Northern Song Dynasty, which is inseparable from the Nandu, who became a painter of the Hanlin Picture Academy of the Northern Song Dynasty, and became a former imperial painter. The selection of imperial painters in the early Southern Song Dynasty, or the source is mainly from this Song Xuanhe painting academy painters, the main representatives are: Li Tang, Liu Zonggu, Yang Shixian, Li Di, Li Rui, Su Hanchen, etc., the history of painting records that these people were reinstated during the Shaoxing period, which constituted the main force of the imperial painters in the early Southern Song Dynasty.
These painters were reinstated from Emperor Xuanhe of Huizong to the Gaozong Dynasty and became imperial painters, forming the main body of imperial painters in the early Southern Song Dynasty. The "painting" education they had received in the Northern Song Dynasty gave them a good foundation in painting and became an important factor for them to enter the Southern Song Dynasty and resume their posts.
In the Southern Song court, where the struggle was initially decided, "recruiting" the "widows" of the Northern Song Xuanhe Painting Academy was of great significance to the reconstruction of the Southern Song court "Painting Academy", and they were a solid force for the Southern Song painting "Zhongxing". At the same time, large-scale reception of different styles and different classes of Northern Song painters made the Southern Song Dynasty painting style begin to diversify.
Master-apprentice, father-son inheritance
The history of Chinese painting has always attached great importance to teacher inheritance, and the selection of Hanlin picture painters in the Northern Song Dynasty attached great importance to the teacher-inheritance relationship of candidates, and the admission of painters in the Hanlin Picture Academy of the Northern Song Dynasty has clear regulations and standards, such as the examination system, and at the same time, there are "recommendation" or "admission"; The system of "shade supplementation" or "grace supplementation". The same was true in the Southern Song Dynasty, the imperial painter directly served the royal family, how to become a court painter, was there a clear examination and promotion channel, like the Northern Song Dynasty, public examination selection?
We can make some speculations that there are few records of the recruitment of painters by court institutions in the Southern Song Dynasty texts, but a large number of documents reflect that the selection of former painters of the Southern Song Dynasty was still passed down by "master and apprentice" or "father and son", and the method of "cute supplement" was used to select and enter. We can see that in the Southern Song Dynasty, it was very common for masters and apprentices, father and son to work in the "painting academy", which was the main way for the Southern Song Dynasty to select imperial painters.
other
In addition to the two ways to become imperial painters mentioned above, there should be other ways to select imperial painters in the Southern Song Dynasty, such as "edict" or "supplementary entry", Li Tang was "supplemented into the painting academy" in the Huizong Dynasty; Ma Hezhi, "official to the Ministry of Works Attendant", can also be "the first of the imperial painting academy", and more painters are "entering the picture to praise the purpose" and enter the Southern Song Dynasty "painting academy".
In summary, this chapter focuses on the official system of the Southern Song Dynasty imperial painters, and makes a certain sort out of the social status, income and selection of the Southern Song Dynasty imperial painters from the aspects of the painter's official position, rank, position, servant, chapter uniform, selection, etc. Imperial painters were mostly given civilian posts and lower ranks, but there were also some officials with higher official positions and ranks. Although the painter's rank is not too high, in terms of his medals and rewards, the imperial painter has got rid of his status as a craftsman and his status has improved.
Characteristics of the official system of the former painter of the Southern Song Dynasty
Through the above examination and interpretation of the official system of the Southern Song Dynasty imperial painter, we have a preliminary understanding of the social status of the Southern Song Dynasty imperial painter, as a special group of the Southern Song court, its status, position, treatment, etc. are different to a certain extent compared with this Song Dynasty. The imperial painters were free from the strict administrative constraints, and the scope and methods of their activities also had a certain degree of freedom.
Therefore, in this chapter, the author will analyze the similarities and differences between the Southern Song Dynasty and the Northern Song Hanlin Picture Academy system, sort out the context of their development, and explore the new characteristics of the Southern Song Dynasty Imperial Former Painter Artist Official System.
The shackles of the governing body have weakened
Due to the lack of historical materials and the lack of information, so far, the existence of the Southern Song Dynasty Painting Academy is still a problem that is still being discussed in the academic circles, and many of the official studies of the Southern Song Dynasty Painting Academy are based on historical materials to refer to the records of the Northern Song Dynasty Hanlin Picture Academy system. From ancient texts and painting history, we can clarify the location, evolution, affiliation, functions and compilation of the Hanlin Picture Institute of the Northern Song Dynasty.
The Hanlin Picture Institute of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Hanlin Picture Institute was established in the first year of Yongxi, and in the second year of Shaosheng, it was renamed the Hanlin Picture Bureau, and Jingkang was on strike. The Southern Song Dynasty did not have a clear record of the site and evolution of the painting academy, and there were no clear provisions on the compilation of painting academy painters in the "Treasure Book of Paintings", "Painting Succession Supplement", "Old Stories of Wulin" and other documents, which was partly because of the lack of materials on the history of Southern Song painting in the official history.
On the other hand, we can also understand that the Southern Song Dynasty's management of imperial painters has been freed from the shackles of the Hanlin Picture Institute, and titles such as "To be Zhao" and "Marquis" are not fixed official positions within the academy, but a title of the imperial painter entering and leaving the palace gate and serving the royal family, and at the same time the painter also confers foreign officials, so that a large number of imperial painters have appeared scattered in various official institutions, rather than a fixed "painting academy", such as Ma Hezhi of the aforementioned "official to the Ministry of Works Attendant", Liu Zonggu who "lifted the chariot court affairs" and so on.
This is an important feature of the Southern Song Dynasty that distinguishes the former painters from the Hanlin Picture Academy of the Northern Song Dynasty. The weakening of the restraint of the Southern Song official system on the imperial painters, on the one hand, is related to the streamlining and reform of the bureaucracy in the Southern Song Dynasty, on the other hand, this management method is also very different from the Hanlin Picture Academy of the Northern Song Dynasty, the painter is not only limited to the painting academy, its activities to serve the emperor do not need to go through the internal attendants to serve as officials like the Northern Song Dynasty, when the emperor has the need, he will "make the painting academy wait for the edict to enter", summoning the painter directly to the palace, usually, the painter may work in other corresponding institutions.
This also affected the painting creation activities of the painters of the academy to a certain extent, allowing them to get rid of the strict control of the painting style of the painters by the imperial painting academy since the Northern Song Dynasty, and the artistic creation of the imperial painters showed a diversified and secular tendency.
The status of the imperial painter was improved
In addition to the above-mentioned Southern Song Dynasty imperial painters, the number and rank of official positions granted to imperial painters in the Southern Song Dynasty were also higher than those of the Hanlin Picture Academy in the Northern Song Dynasty.
In the Northern Song Dynasty, Hanlin Tu Nursing Institute was a full-time painting technical officer of the Hanlin Picture Institute, and after the first year of Xianping, he was compiled into three people. It consists of art studies, marquis, students, and workers. We can take an example to take a peek at the official positions and ranks of the Hanlin Picture Academy of the Northern Song Dynasty, and compare them with the former painters of the Southern Song Dynasty.
Han Humble served in the residence of Emperor Huizong at that time, and ascended the throne in the first year of Emperor Huizong's construction, and then he was appointed Marquis of Hanlin Book and Art Bureau, and then three years after Xuanhe, we see that Han Zhuo was awarded the title of Zhongxunlang, and there was a year in between, it can be seen that during the Northern Song Dynasty, from a position of marquis or lower, it took a long time to be promoted to a straight commander waiting for edict. After that, he was awarded "Zhongxunlang", "Zhongxunlang, the name of the martial rank, and belongs to the eighth rank rank of the junior envoy."
Although Han Humble is only an example of this Song Hanlin Picture Academy painting to be edicted, it still shows the difficulty of promotion at every level of the Northern Song Hanlin Picture Institute, but in contrast, in the Southern Song Dynasty, this situation has changed to a certain extent.
The most obvious is the increase in the number of imperial painters in the Southern Song Dynasty, unlike the many marquis, art students, and students of the Song Dynasty, the number of painting academies waiting for edicts in the Southern Song Dynasty greatly increased, and there was no fixed number limit, so that some dynasties such as the Gaozong Dynasty and the Lizong Dynasty had a large number of painters waiting for the edict was unattainable in any period of the Northern Song Dynasty.
Moreover, the phenomenon of painters serving as imperial officials is more common, although most of them are some civilian and military officials, but many of them are from the sixth grade, from the sixth product, from the eighth product, and there is Ma Hezhi who served as an attendant of the Ministry of Work, and the degree to which the former painters of the Southern Song Dynasty were favored by the imperial family of successive dynasties can be seen.
The study of the official position, status, servant, and position of the imperial painter can give us a clear understanding of the status, treatment and living conditions of the technical officials of the Southern Song Dynasty. Similarly, the management system of the court inevitably had a certain impact on the painting creation of the Southern Song Dynasty imperial painters. The author attempts to study the characteristics of the imperial painter's official system through the examination and interpretation of the official system of the imperial painters of the Southern Song Dynasty, and then examines the social status, income and influence of the official system on the painting style of the painters of the Southern Song Dynasty.
To sum up, the Southern Song Dynasty imperial painters have improved to a certain extent in terms of the speed of promotion and the size of the official positions they awarded. Although the official positions awarded by the imperial painters of the Southern Song Dynasty were also relatively low, the increase in the number of imperial officials showed that they had further got rid of the status of craftsmen, and their social status had been improved, and the existence of a large number of painters who were "given gold dynasty" reflected the attention and love of the rulers of the Southern Song Dynasty for court painting, which also promoted the prosperity and development of Southern Song Dynasty courtyard painting.