#历史开讲 #
Youzhou, is one of the famous administrative divisions of the mainland in ancient times, and Yunzhou is called "Yanyun Sixteen Prefectures", in Chinese history, there are many documents on Youzhou, such as the "Yugong" described Youzhou: "The domain of Jizhou, Shunzhi Twelve Mu, is also one." ”
In "Zhou Li Xia Guan Zhifang Clan", the direction of Youzhou is described in very short words: "The northeast is Youzhou. ”
The "Spring and Autumn Yuan Fortune Bag" also describes Youzhou in this way: "The stars scattered into Youzhou and divided into Yan Kingdom. ”
"Erya Shidi" explains: "Yan Yu Youzhou. ”
All of the above ancient sentences are sending us a message about the location of Youzhou.
According to the results of historical research, in ancient China, the north was called "Taiyin", and Youzhou happened to be located in the northern region, so it was called the Netherworld.
So where exactly is Youzhou? In fact, the answer is already on the horizon, in ancient times, Youzhou was in present-day Beijing, Tianjin, northern Hebei, northeastern Liaoning, and parts of northern Korea, and its rulers lived near Guanganmen Square, southwest of present-day Beijing.
In China's long history, the definition and scope of jurisdiction of Youzhou has changed with the rise and fall of dynasties, but the core area of Youzhou has not changed, that is, the capital of today's new China, Beijing.
1. Revealing the secret of Youzhou: a land with a long history
The history of Youzhou is very long, and its historical development can be traced back to the pre-Qin period.
At the end of the Shang Dynasty, King Ji Fa of Zhou Wu led an army to overthrow the tyrannical rule of King Shang and establish Western Zhou, and then sealed the territory according to his battle merits, and sealed the Duke of Youzhou's hometown, his name was Yan, its scope covered the area of today's northern Hebei and Liaoning, and in the Warring States period of Eastern Zhou, the Yan State and the other six states were called the "Warring States Seven Heroes".
During the Qin period, Qin Shi Huang swept Liuhe and unified China, and the Yan State perished, but the Qin Emperor followed the structure of the Yan State during the Warring States period and still set this place as Youzhou.
During the Two Han Dynasty, the territorial scope under the jurisdiction of Youzhou gradually expanded and was renamed the Youzhou Assassination History Department.
During the Wei and Jin dynasties, many countries were in chaos, the people were not living, and the jurisdiction of Youzhou was gradually reduced, returning to the level before the Two Han Dynasties.
During the Sui and Tang dynasties, Emperor Jiao of Sui changed Youzhou to Zhuo Commandery; After the fall of the Sui Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty's Xingdaozhou county system was renamed Youzhou, and then the Dongyi Capital Protectorate was added here, and during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang, Youzhou Jiedu was set up.
At the end of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, Shi Jingxuan, the ancestor of the Later Jin Dynasty, was willing to be the "child emperor" to ask the Khitan (that is, the Liao state) for help, and ceded the "Sixteen Prefectures of Yanyun" to the Khitans, and Youzhou became the jurisdiction of Chinese nomads for more than 160 years.
During the Two Song Dynasty, Emperor Taizong of Liao abolished the old title of Youzhou and named it "Nanjing Youdufu", and after this historical event, Youzhou was removed as a formal, officially established administrative division and ceased to exist.
2. Revealing Youzhou: The Land of Rebels
Youzhou is a realm that has suffered a lot since ancient times, there have been many rebel forces entrenched here in history and used this as a base to launch an offensive against the orthodox regime at that time, since the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Youzhou has been overwhelmed and countless, Youzhou is like a hot feng shui treasure land attracting countless careerists to go gladly, including those who have successfully held for many years and become famous, and there are those who have failed and been laughed at by future generations.
Peng Pet is a unique figure in the history of Youzhou rebels with his alternative antics deeds.
Peng Pet, Zibotong, a native of Wanxian County, Nanyang County, a famous scholar of the Eastern Han Dynasty, was born in a family of officials and eunuchs, with outstanding talent, and was selected by the emperor as a great sikong shi, and was later awarded the titles of partial general and Yuyang taishou, with unlimited scenery.
However, after the fall of the Western Han Dynasty and the establishment of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Pang Chong was dissatisfied with its current situation, resented, rebelled, appointed himself the "King of Yan", used Youzhou as his base, colluded with external Xiongnu forces, and was attacked by the Guangwu Emperor Liu Xiu.
Without waiting for Emperor Guangwu's army to press the realm, in the fifth year of Jianwu, that is, in 29 AD, Peng Chong was trapped in the mansion by his three house slaves, and Pang Chong originally wanted to use wealth, women, reputation and status to lure the house slaves into letting him live, but unexpectedly, the scheme was discovered, Pang Chong and his wife were beheaded, and the family wealth was also looted.
Based on this event, some people in the Yuan Dynasty created the miscellaneous drama "Catching Peng Pet", also known as "Deng Yu Determined to Catch Peng Pet", which added a touch of playfulness to this failed rebellion in the form of artistic creation.
Of course, the number of rebels and warlords who succeeded in separating the side based in Youzhou far outnumbered the failures, and Gongsun Zan was one of the successes.
Gongsun Zan (公sun Zhan), also known as Bogui, was born in poverty, was intelligent and courageous since childhood, and was appreciated by Taishou of Youzhou Zhuo County, and was promoted all the way to the rank of general, serving as a lieutenant general. Gongsun Zan was known for his extremely resolute resistance to the southward invasion of the northern nomads, and his decisive and courageous battles shocked northern Xinjiang.
In 193, the fourth year of Chuping, Gongsun Zan succeeded in killing his immediate superior, Liu Yu, and holding an envoy sent by the Han court to force the emperor to make him the governor of the four northern states, becoming one of the most powerful princes in the north.
However, Gongsun Zan finally lost the battle with Yuan Shao, was trapped in a lonely building, and finally set himself on fire, which is emotional.
Yuan Shao, also a hero who once occupied Youzhou in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, was born in the famous family "Runan Yuan clan" in the late Eastern Han Dynasty.
In the process of fighting for hegemony in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, Yuan Shao first occupied Jizhou, then seized control of Qingzhou and Heerzhou, and then defeated Gongsun Zan who was entrenched in Youzhou in the fourth year of Jian'an, that is, in 199 AD, unifying Hebei, and expanding his sphere of influence to the climax.
However, he lost on the way south, and was defeated by Cao Cao in the famous "Battle of Guandu" in the fifth year of Jian'an, that is, in 200 AD, and died of illness two years later.
Time flies, time comes to the end of the Tang Dynasty, An Lushan, one of the famous envoys and traitors of the Tang Dynasty, started his fortune from Youzhou and launched the "Anshi Rebellion".
An Lushan's original surname was "Kang", the character Ji Xuanshan, was a Sogdian ethnic minority in the mainland, Yingzhou Liucheng people, in the early years of the first century, An Lushan's family fled from the Turks to the Tang Dynasty, and worshiped Zhang Shoujue, who was then the governor of Youzhou, as his righteous father and became his subordinate.
During the Tianbao period, An Lushan, relying on the recommendation of his righteous father Zhang Shoujue, rose all the way up the official field, and successively served as the envoy of Pinglu Town, Fanyang Town (that is, Youzhou) and Hedong Town, and was canonized as the king of Dongping Commandery and sat in the northeast.
In the fourteenth year of Tianbao, that is, in 755 AD, An Lushan, who had been planning for a long time, could not wait to openly rebel against the Tang Dynasty under the banner of "killing Prime Minister Yang Guozhong".
Later, he established a regime centered on Youzhou, with the name "Yan" (later called pseudo-Yan), and self-proclaimed the year name Shengwu.
3. Revealing the secret of Youzhou: the hometown of horses and iron horses
So why did Youzhou produce so many rebel forces? What is it that can attract so many careerists to use Youzhou as a base to divide one side and dominate the world? It also starts with the local customs.
Youzhou, in terms of geographical environment, can be described as a treasure land of feng shui.
From the perspective of latitude and longitude, it is located in the mid-latitude region, the westerly wind belt, is a temperate monsoon climate, the southeast wind prevails in summer, high temperature and rain; In winter, the northwest wind prevails, cold and dry, which is more suitable for people to settle and live here.
From the topography point of view, Youzhou is protected by the Yan Mountain in the north, the Taihang Mountain in the west, the Bohai Sea in the east, and the vast North China Plain in the south.
The uplifted terrain of the Yanshan and Taihang mountain ranges prevents cold winds from the northwest in winter, making the temperature in Youzhou warmer and more comfortable than in other surrounding areas. The vast ocean in the east can bring abundant moist air to it, and form precipitation at the foot of the mountain, nourishing all things; The large plains to the south can provide excellent conditions for large-scale crop cultivation and animal husbandry.
After the cultivation and cultivation of generations of people, the land of Youzhou has become a fertile land, on which not only can millet, wheat and other agricultural crops be planted to form thousands of miles of fertile land, but also can cultivate fertile water and grass to create endless pasture animals and poultry, especially raising slightly wild livestock such as horses that are good at running activities.
In addition, the east of Youzhou is bordered by the sea, the sea surface of Bohai Bay is calm and stable, there are few violent winds and waves, it is a natural harbor, and it has the residual veins of the Yellow Sea warm current, the water temperature is high and the nutrients are rich, and the marine fish are fat and abundant, easy to catch, so the fishery is also very developed.
As a result, Youzhou became a northern granary rich in grain crops such as rice wheat and sea fish, as well as horses for important strategic armaments.
After talking about the terroir, the next thing is human love.
The favorable geographical environment has brought unique advantages to the people of Youzhou, the plains are open and the food rations are abundant, making this place easy to live in, and naturally prosperous people and large populations.
As the so-called one side of the water and soil breeds the other people, Youzhou is located in the place of north-south contact, which makes the people here have both northern and southern characteristics.
In terms of physical fitness, the children of Youzhou have a strong physique that is not inferior to the northern nomads, and they are especially good at archery and horseback riding, and take this as a habit in daily life, and Gongsun Zhan's "White Horse Righteous Cong" was recruited from the children of Youzhou; In terms of spiritual quality, Youzhou is "a strong man who is generous and sad", knows filial piety and shame, advocates morality and righteousness, encourages his customs with loyalty and filial piety, and the folk style has both a fierce and martial side and a loyal and elegant side.
Moreover, due to the perennial turmoil and war, the local people have spontaneously exercised their own force to protect themselves, resulting in the phenomenon that all the people are soldiers.
The fierce folk style, loyal and courageous character, sufficient soldiers, and fat horses have made an exceptionally fierce and powerful Youzhou Hussar Iron Horse, also known as Youzhou Tu Horse.
The Youzhou Turf is known for its rapid and rapid rushing and sports warfare, with diverse tactics and flexibility, and whoever masters the Youzhou Turf Horse is equivalent to having the qualifications to attack the Central Plains.
Fourth, reveal the secret of Youzhou: the traffic point that must be contested
Youzhou has been a stronghold since ancient times, a military important town, is a place where soldiers must fight, surrounded by barriers on three sides, and the terrain on one side can allow the rebels, warlords and other local tyrants entrenched in Youzhou to easily build fortifications, easily guard the pass, resist the enemy outside the gate, and the excellent terrain provides great convenience for the separation.
On the contrary, Youzhou's huge opening to the southern plain allows local tyrants to detour and deepen to the south anytime and anywhere in wartime, and in daily non-war times, they can also use the plain terrain to develop the transportation industry, and transport civilian and military materials from north to south.
Youzhou's geographical location between north and south also made it a bridgehead to resist the northern nomads from conquering the Central Plains.
If ethnic minorities want to enter the Central Plains, they must pass through Youzhou, and use this place as a springboard to succeed, which makes the strategic significance of this place extremely important, as long as the emperor who still has a certain strategic vision in history will send elite troops to hold on to this place, and will never give up Youzhou.
In terms of transportation, when the Sui Dynasty conquered Goguryeo, Zhuo County was an important granary and barracks for the tun soldiers to release grain, and the Sui Dynasty later built the Grand Canal in order to rejuvenate the country, and the end of the canal was Zhuo County located in the center of Youzhou, since then, Youzhou has become an important transportation point connecting the north and the south and crossing the east and west.
Judging from the above conditions, Youzhou occupies the right time and place, and has many convenient conditions, so it is inevitable that a feng shui treasure will become the heart of the rebels.