The City of Sand, Loulan's Hometown —— "Chinese Video Fangzhi" Xinjiang Volume, Shanshan County (II)

The city of Sand, the hometown of Loulan

—— "Chinese Image Fangzhi"

Xinjiang Volume: Shanshan County (II)

　　Protection Note

　　Xu Dongliang, director of the Institute of Technology Protection of Xinjiang Turpan Academy, has been committed to the protection and restoration of cave murals in Turpan for many years, in order to retain these precious cultural heritage, Xu Dongliang led the team to rescue and stitch those murals that have fallen off, even if they are small pieces.

　　Xu Dongliang said: "Cultural relics are divided into two categories, one is immovable, that is, on the original site, one is dropped, or excavated from the tomb, this kind of can be moved, this is called movable cultural relics." So we also classify the fragments of this mural as movable artifacts. ”

　　The staff first uses adhesive materials to stitch together the fragments of the fallen murals, then reinforce them with mud, and then fix them to the honeycomb aluminum board to fill the mud and color, in this process, the most important link is to determine the relationship between the fragments, in order to maximize the restoration of their original appearance.

　　Xu Dongliang said: "The mural itself can't speak, but it will tell you a lot of historical information, like this kind of mural that was neatly cut down by the saw, it was at the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century, some foreign expedition teams came here in the name of investigation, and stole the murals in Tuyugou on a large scale. ”

　　Excavated in the 4th century AD, Tuyugou Thousand Buddha Cave is the earliest and largest group of Buddhist grotto sites excavated in eastern Xinjiang. Grotto murals are rare and valuable materials for studying social life, religious beliefs, and cultural integration in the ancient Western Regions.

　　Mr. Ji Xianlin, a famous scholar, once said: "There are only four cultural systems in the world with a long history, a vast territory, a self-contained system, and far-reaching influence: China, India, Greece, and Islam. There is only one place where these four cultural systems converge, that is, China's Dunhuang and Xinjiang. It was able to confluence here thanks to the Silk Road that runs through the region. ”

　　Tuyugou is located in the middle of the Flame Mountain in Shanshan Territory, located at the intersection of east-west and north-south of the Silk Road, where various cultures converge, and the splendid "Silk Road" civilization is also more brilliant because of the collision and integration of different cultures.

　　Xu Dongliang said: "The top wall of this cave, especially the whole circle around, painted a pattern, in fact, it is modeled on the pattern of the wooden structure building moi in the Central Plains, because there is no wood here, so after the adobe is built into this coupon roof, and then the pattern of this algae well is painted on the top wall, and the following row has a honeysuckle pattern, which comes from ancient Iran (Persia). And this one, we look closely, you see its skin has a smudged convex and concave relationship, for example, this side is a little deeper, this side is a little lighter, this is very in line with the Western aesthetic point of view, so it is affected by ancient Greece, ancient Rome, including the later Gandro region painting art. ”

　　Xu Dongliang found that in the early murals of Tuyugou, a large number of precious jade stones were used as pigments after grinding, such as lapis lazuli and turquoise. After the fourteenth century, murals were commonly painted with local flame mountain mudstone.

　　In order to be consistent with the ancient frescoes, Xu Dongliang traveled through the ditches and ridges of the Flame Mountain, looking for stones as paint. He also traveled through the large and small grottoes of Turpan and copied 700 to 800 square meters of murals.

　　In the Turpan Museum, there is a splendid cave, which is the No. 44 cave of Tuyugou Thousand Buddha Cave restored by Xu Dongliang according to the 1:1 ratio, unfortunately, the existing Tuyugou Grottoes murals are seriously defective, and only this one can be completely restored.

　　Xu Dongliang said: "We now want to study this mural, because our information is relatively lacking, some must cooperate with foreign countries, especially Germany's Le Kirk, cut a large number of Tuyugou grotto murals, we must cooperate with foreign research institutions in order to study and protect these murals." ”

　　In 2015 and 2016, Xu Dongliang traveled to Berlin, Germany twice. At the Asian Art Museum, when he finally saw these exquisite artifacts, he was excited, and he proposed to his German counterparts that he hoped to jointly study and protect these precious cultural heritages in the future.

Tuyugou Thousand Buddha Cave, an ancient gene in modern society, it carries a series of historical codes, protects the achievements of its civilization, makes culture last forever, and civilization lasts forever, which is the common interest and value of all mankind.

　　Legacy

　　As long as time permits, 41-year-old Xi Aili will appear every afternoon in a street where farmers in Lianmuqin Town are cooking. The old breadmakers here are familiar with Xi Aili, and his factory area has the first standardized bread production workshop in Turpan, but he still loves to watch these old breadmakers make these roasted bread with the taste of ancient vicissitudes.

　　Xi Aili, head of the Lianmuqin Town Naan Industry Cooperative, said: "Turpan Tuyugou Yanghai Ancient Tomb, the excavated bun has a history of more than 2,000 years, that is to say, turpan bun is the place where Xinjiang naan originated. ”

　　In fact, as an "ecological food" that adapts to natural conditions and the needs of human society, naan appeared with the agricultural civilization of the western oasis.

　　Shanshan County is located on the east side of the Turpan Basin, surrounded by mountains on three sides, with low terrain and an unusually dry and hot climate, which is a typical "huozhou" climate. The naan has a good ability to adapt to this natural climate environment.

　　The history of Lianmuqin Is very long, it is located along the "Silk Road", today's 312 National Highway, Lianhuo Highway through the town. And the ancient merchants traveled through the desert Gobi, and the bread was a life-saving ration.

　　Uyghur folklore has a proverb such as "bread is faith, no bread suffers" and other proverbs, which is enough to illustrate the special status of bread in food.

Xi Aili said: "I have traveled all over Xinjiang and found more than 50 varieties of naan. Some varieties of bread have some health care effects, such as multigrain bread, sorghum noodle bread, like diabetics, they can eat whole grain bread, or some people with high blood pressure, they eat sorghum bread. ”

　　The raw materials of the naan are made from the soil, made by fire, cooled and air-dried and preserved, dipped in water and eaten, so it is extremely beneficial to the human body.

Xi Aili said: "I made up my mind to make the naan industry a work of art, and then improve its health care role." ”

A small bread cake was not only played by Xi Aili, but also became a "nutritious bread", and also played a heavy career.

Nowadays, more and more shan shan people are no longer satisfied with traditional home-cooked bread, and they use their minds to enrich the taste of the bun with various ingredients.

　　The unique fruit resources also provide convenient conditions for shanshan's "nutritious bread", and the county has vigorously promoted the development of the "food city" by creating a "food capital". At present, there are 21 naan cooperatives in the county, with an annual output value of more than 36.5 million yuan, and naan has become a new type of vanguard driving the agricultural economy.

　　Today, on the edge of the desert, under the mud wall, the bread churns in the hands of the busy, it is full of happiness, warms the stomach, and also makes the shanshan people feel the happiness of contentment in ordinary life.

Source: Turpan Media Center