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The Montenegrins, a southern Slavic group, were originally the same ethnic group as the Serbs, and lived in the mountains south of the middle and lower reaches of the Sava River in the western Balkans after the 7th century. Therefore, Montenegrins also speak Serbian and believe in the Orthodox Church, which can be described as "one mother" with Serbs.
However, for historical reasons, Montenegrins still show differences from Serbs. The Serbs were later displaced by the Turks and lost their independent status; Montenegrins, on the other hand, live in a relatively stable area and have maintained independence or autonomy for a long time.
Montenegro was not originally called Montenegro. At that time, the Serbs formed two major tribal associations, one was Zeta, which today is still the name of a river, which is the predecessor of Montenegro; The other was Raška, the predecessor of what would become Serbia. So, Montenegro was originally known as Zeta.
In the 11th century, the Grand Duke Vojislav of Montenegro founded the Zeta Domain, and his son Mihai received the title of King of the Pope and made the capital Skadar, in present-day Shkodra, Albania. At the end of the 12th century, Raška became independent from Byzantium, and the Zeta Domain, then attached to the Grand Lord of Raška, also became independent from the Byzantine Empire and soon became part of the Kingdom of Serbia.
After the 14th century, the Kingdom of Serbia fell apart and a number of local dynasties emerged, first the Baršić dynasty and then the Črnojević dynasty, the latter supported by the Venetians. Unexpectedly, Ivan I of the Tsrnojevich dynasty was defeated by the Ottoman Turks and had to move the country west to Çetine.
Because of this highland, the kingdom has since been called "Black Mountain", or Crna Gora, which means "black mountain". The Venetians called it Montenegro, which transliterated as "Negro of the Gate", which translates to Montenegro.
At the beginning of the 15th century, Montenegro returned to Serbia. But the Ottoman Empire then conquered Serbia. In 1516, the Montenegrins had to accept the Ottoman Empire as their new suzerainty. However, Montenegro was a state with a high degree of autonomy and was not directly ruled by the Ottoman Empire. At that time, Montenegro was a theocratic country, and the bishop of Cettine was the monarch of Montenegro, that is, "bishop-monarch".
Since the bishop-monarch Danilo, the bishop-monarch has been passed through the Petrovich Negosh family, and always from uncle and nephew. In 1711, Danilo made contact with Peter the Great of Russia, and from then on Montenegro received assistance from Russia from time to time, and Russia's purpose was naturally to expand into the Balkans.
In 1851, another Danilo secularized the Kingdom of Montenegro and was no longer a theocratic state. However, he abolished the bishop, but retained the monarch, which at once angered the Turks. As a result, Danilo and his brother Mirko led an army to defeat Turkey in 1858, and Montenegro and the Ottoman Empire completely turned apart. According to tradition, in 1860 Mirko's son Nicola succeeded to the throne.
An uprising in Bosnia and Herzegovina followed in 1875, and the following year Montenegro and Serbia took the opportunity to declare war on the Ottoman Empire in support. At the same time, Russia declared war on the Ottoman Empire. The war quickly evolved into an international crisis, culminating in the Berlin Conference of 1878.
The Treaty of Berlin provided for the independence of Montenegro as a principality, also known as the Gate of Negoro, whose territory was extended to the north and east, and for the important being the addition of an outlet to the sea in Bar, and in 1881 another outlet to the sea, Ursinger.
In 1912, Montenegro was upgraded from a principality to a kingdom. In the same year, it joined the Balkan League of Serbia, Greece and Bulgaria, and in order to drive the Turks out of the Balkans once and for all, they launched the First Balkan War. Montenegro then sided with Serbia in 1913 and participated in the Second Balkan War against Bulgaria. Under the Treaty of Bucharest, Montenegro's territory was further expanded to include the southern part of New Pazar County and the Pec region.
In 1914, after the outbreak of World War I, Montenegro stood firmly on the side of Serbia and fought against Austria-Hungary. They were then defeated together and retreated to Albania. In 1918, after the end of World War I, Montenegro very much wanted to join the Kingdom of Serbia, Croats, and Slovenes as part of the federation. Montenegro abolished the king and joined the Kingdom of Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia after 1921, as a state, slightly smaller than the original.
After the establishment of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Serbia and Croatia had been at odds and were often in fierce struggle. At this time, Montenegro was on the side of Serbia, and in 1928 a Montenegrin assassinated the leader of the Croatian Peasant Party, Radic. After the reunion of a brother of a mother's compatriot after a long absence, Montenegro can be said to be the only big brother of Serbia.
In 1941, after the defeat of Yugoslavia by Germany, it was partitioned, and Montenegro became a trophy of war for Italy, existing as an Italian protectorate. But soon, Tito's Yugoslav partisans soon took control of most of Montenegro. Montenegro was liberated in 1945 and became a union republic of the Yugoslav Federation in 1946.
The territory of the Republic of Montenegro was restored to its 1913 size, which was only 13,800 square kilometers. However, the east lost and the west made up, and Pec in the east belonged to Kosovo and belonged to Serbia; But to the west, it added a Kotor outlet to the sea. At the same time, the Montenegrin capital was moved from Cetigne to Podgorica, renamed Titograd, and later back.
In 1991, after the dissolution of the Yugoslav Federation. Montenegro still stands with Serbia and in 1992 formed the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, referred to as the "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia". However, after 1993, due to Serbia's strong attitude, Montenegro was also involved in the wars in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo. At the same time, European and American countries have not recognized the "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" and imposed sanctions on it, and the economy on the black side has been declining. Since then, relations between Montenegro and Serbia have become increasingly tense.
Then, in order to divide the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the EU and the United States threw an olive branch to Montenegro. Montenegro is no longer willing to be dragged down by Serbia, in order to seek better development, with the efforts of Montenegro, in 2003, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was renamed Serbia-Montenegro, referred to as "Serbia and Montenegro"; In 2006, Montenegro voted for independence.
After independence, Montenegro received the attention of Europe and the United States, and successively became a candidate member of the European Union and a member of NATO. After reform and improvement of the external environment, Montenegro's economy has indeed improved, with overall growth, and per capita GDP has reached more than 9,000 US dollars.
Of course, Montenegro's parting of ways with Serbia also had the consequence that Montenegro took away all access to the sea and deprived Serbia of its sea access to the outside world. However, judging from Montenegro's support for Serbia several times in history, Montenegro has done its best and is definitely a qualified good brother.
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