The process of canonization of Xin Yu by the Northern Yuan
Goryeo always paid attention to the changes in the power of the Northern Yuan and Ming dynasties in order to choose a better political position—in July of the sixth year of Hongmu (1377), the Northern Yuan sent Thimur to Goryeo to discuss with Xin Yu to attack the Ming Dynasty's Dingliao Wei. But for Goryeo, the growing prosperity of the Ming Dynasty was a force to be reckoned with, so it was difficult to make up your mind for a while. After August, Goryeo took the initiative to send Kang In-wook to Northern Yuan to discuss sending troops to Dingliaowei.
The following month, Kang In-wook sent people to report to Goryeo on the consultations with Northern Yuan, and decided that "Pyeongjang Bun Diancheng, the great political counsellor Jang Haima, and Prime Minister Naha will train troops and wait for the Goryeo army to come, and want to attack Liaowei." ”
In the end, Xin Yu rejected the Northern Yuan's proposal to attack Dingliaowei under the pretext that "the weather is cold and the grass withers, and you cannot leave the division". Although Goryeo did not help the Northern Won in sending troops to Dingliaowei, this in itself also shows that Goryeo has a use value for the Northern Yuan. The social economy of the Northern Yuan Yuan was mainly based on the nomadic economy, supplemented by hunting.
The local handicraft industry has backward productivity and small production scale, and the agriculture in Mongolia is mainly concentrated in the southeast and the Hetao region, and the introduction of advanced technology and farming tools required for agricultural development depends on the Ming Dynasty or other agricultural developed areas. Therefore, the Northern Yuan needed to rely on economic exchanges with the Ming Dynasty to ensure daily production supplies. However, the Northern Yuan and the Ming Dynasty at that time had always been in a state of hostility, often subject to economic blockades and sanctions imposed by the Ming Dynasty. Therefore, in order to get rid of the dilemma of being pinned down by the Ming Dynasty, Goryeo naturally became its preferred trading partner.
After Beiwon received the request from the Hundred Officials of Goryeo to seal the Book of Shin Yu, he reacted as soon as possible. In February of the 10th year of Hongmu (1377), the Northern Dynasty came to Goryeo with an order. The canonization of Shin-woo as King of Goryeo by the Northern Won meant that the Northern Won recognized Shin-woo's dominance in Goryeo, which provided a guarantee for safeguarding its own interests. Therefore, after receiving the order of the Northern Won, Goryeo began to use the Northern Yuan "Seonguang" year name.
In March of the same year, Goryeo sent Li Zisong to the Northern Yuan to thank the order, and sent the ceremonial judge Wen Tianshi to report to Naha, and both envoys brought a large number of square goods. After the two sides stopped normal exchanges for a long time, they saw the Goryeo envoys saluting the Northern Yuan again, and the Mongolian nobles had mixed feelings, "self-sowing and trapped in the line, not wanting to see the etiquette again today." ”
It can be seen from this record that Goryeo carried out anti-Yuan reforms many times during the reign of King Gongshu in an attempt to restore the customs before the Mongol occupation, but it did not completely eliminate the influence of Mongwon and failed to change the identification of the Goryeo literati with the Northern Yuan. After receiving canonization, Bukwon and Goryeo resumed contact, giving gifts to each other, and Goryeo sent envoys such as Bukwon Hezheng, and so on.
The attitude of the literati towards the canonization of the Northern Yuan
After the Ming Dynasty and the Northern Yuan formed a north-south confrontation, the Goryeo literati gradually divided into two factions, that is, they advocated friendly exchanges with the Ming Dynasty and developed relations with the Northern Yuan. Therefore, due to their different political positions, they had very different attitudes towards Xin Yu's acceptance of the canonization of the Northern Yuan. After King Gongshu was killed, the Ming Dynasty did not recognize Xin Yu's succession.
With the assistance of the powerful minister Li Renren and others, Xin Yu turned his goal to the Northern Yuan, "Renren and the clan prince and the elder Wen Wu Hundred Officials jointly named the book, and presented the Northern Yuan Zhongshu Province as follows: The will of the first king Boyan Timur to make the prince Yuan Ziyu take the throne. Now he knows that Shen Wang Sun is not a vain and has a different intention, and wants to fight. Begging forbidden. However, the canon ordered that literati such as Park Shang-shen, Lin Pu, and Zheng Daochuan believe that "the first king decided to do the south, but now he should not do the north."
No signature. "Refuse to accept the canonization of the Northern Yuan. The obstruction of the literati failed to interrupt Lee's push for Goryeo to accept the canonization of Northern Won. In May of the eighth year of Hongwu (1375), the envoys of the Northern Yuan Dynasty brought news to Li Renren and others that "King Boyan Timur turned his back on me and returned to Ming, so he forgave the crime of killing the king of the kingdom".
This was in the fundamental interests of Lee In-jin and Ji-chan and others, which greatly strengthened the process of Goryeo accepting the canonization of the Northern Won, and decided to welcome the Northern Won envoys. But this meant that Goryeo would stand on the opposite side of the Ming Dynasty, so Lee and Chi's approach was once again opposed by Kim Joo-yong, Jung Do-chuan, Jung Mong-joo, Li Chong-in and other pro-Ming literati. Although the pro-Myeongwen tried to prevent Goryeo from welcoming the Northern Yuan envoys, they were suppressed by Li Injin, either imprisoned, exiled, or killed elsewhere. The Qinyuan literati gladly accepted the canonization of Xin Yu by the Northern Yuan.
The Goryeo and Northern Yuan envoys reminded the literati of the relationship between the two sides before the great change, and the Goryeo literati, who still had attachments to the Northern Yuan, could not help but sigh after seeing the remnants of the Yuan Dynasty again: The Northern Envoy issued the edict, and the Easterners felt gratified. The mountains are rainy and dewy, and the ice and snow are dry. Zhongyi is not wasted, and it can be tolerated by falling apart. The white-headed body is sick again, and he wants to go Xingxuan. The canonization of Xin Yu by the Northern Yuan made Li Sui and other pro-Yuan literati feel deeply benevolent. The root of this thinking lies in the indelible identification with the Yuan Dynasty and "the loyalty to the Yuan has never changed."
The decline and forced affairs of the Northern Yuan were great
After the Mongol forces retreated from the Central Plains to the north of Mobei, a long contest between the Ming Dynasty and the Northern Yuan Dynasty began. After the Ming army destroyed the Northern Yuan army in Yunnan, Gansu, and Liaodong, it gradually gained the upper hand. The long-term war with the Ming Dynasty greatly consumed the strength of the remnants of the Mongol forces, resulting in the difficulty of protecting itself. At this disadvantage, the Northern Won could no longer provide shelter for Goryeo and could not form a threatening force.
Without the assistance of external forces, it was difficult for the King of Goryeo himself to exercise effective control over the domestic political situation. In addition, the Ming Dynasty sometimes favored and sometimes threatened Goryeo, making the political situation in Goryeo unstable. Therefore, in order to use the power of the Ming Dynasty to stabilize the domestic situation and eliminate external threats, Goryeo focused its foreign policy on improving relations with the Ming Dynasty.
Xin Yu's attitude towards Ming changed
As a politician, Xin Yu's first task is to maintain the stability of his own regime. From the beginning of the competition of forces in the Central Plains at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, Goryeo was placed between the Yuan Dynasty and the anti-Yuan forces, and the Northern Yuan and the Ming Dynasty, and this situation was maintained until the reign of Shin Yu. At that time, Xin Yu sometimes actively developed relations with the Northern Yuan, and sometimes sought canonization from the Ming Dynasty, which caused the disgust of the Ming Dynasty and buried hidden dangers for the Mingli relationship.
The reason why Xin Yu was so repeated had a deep relationship with the changes in the power of the Northern Yuan Dynasty and the pressure exerted by the Ming Dynasty on Goryeo. First, the weakening of Northern Won's power made it imperative for Goryeo to find a new object to rely on.
After the Mongols returned to northern Mobei, Tuhuan Timur and his son Aidara wanted to restore their rule over the Central Plains and tried to complete the "Xuanguang Zhongxing". However, with the death of Aidara in the eleventh year of Hongmu (1378), the declining decline of the Northern Yuan made the Goryeo literati sigh: looking back at the Yan capital, the sun was slanting again. Bridge gate five hundred green people, who praise Zhongxing than the Great Tang. The mountain stone is white in frost, and it is cut off as the new bridge Haizi.
Causing the dragon scales to become too liquid, the tooth brocade cable shines red makeup. Moreover, due to the fragmentation of the Mongol power of the Northern Yuan, by the 20th year of Hongwu (1387), Naha De and other Wen Chen military generals surrendered to the Ming Dynasty, and their strength was even weaker, and they lost the value of being relied on by Goryeo. Therefore, after the death of Aiyu Zhi Ridara, the change in foreign policy of Goryeo, the fact that Shin Yuto did not welcome the envoys of the Northern Yuan, and the gradual reduction of the envoy activities of both sides, can indicate this change.
Second, as the pressure exerted by the Ming increased, Goryeo had to show weakness to the Ming dynasty. Although Goryeo was threatened militarily by the Ming Dynasty, it did not change its practice of sending envoys to pay tribute, ask for advice, and inherit it. Therefore, Li Yong's poems vividly depict the plight of Goryeo at that time: even Yin is thin and knows but fat, and Cho Luomon Alley is sparsely coming. The new poems are long and well-chanted, and sometimes there are white clouds and green clouds. Do not leave the house to the world fat, mysterious deification ancient and modern. Yushier Ya worm fish note, each time to the heavenly plain more faint. Hongwu Long flew into the country with a fat body, and the Taiping wind and moon have been rare recently. Who knows that overseas Han Shanzi is the head of the Gong Min Arch Ziwei.
Judging from Li Yong's poems, the foreign policy adopted by Shin Yu in the early years to consolidate the royal power caused Goryeo to be threatened militarily by the Ming Dynasty, making the literati feel that the political situation in Goryeo was no longer peaceful. Therefore, the attitude of the literati towards the Ming Dynasty at this time did not change much from before, and they still held certain anti-Ming ideas. In order to ease the relations between the two sides, which had deteriorated due to the murder of the envoy, Goryeo sent the envoy to Jinling. However, Myeongtaejo was extremely distrustful of Goryeo and demanded high tribute to test Goryeo.
At the same time, he also issued an order to Pan Jing, the general of Liaodong: "Goryeo kills the king, and kills the imperial envoy, and the former Jian asks for tribute and is not as expected. From now on, it will never pass. "For Goryeo at this time, finding ways to obtain the canonization of the Ming Dynasty is the most important thing.
Ming verification of Koryo
In August of the sixteenth year of Hongmu (1383), Goryeo once again sent his subordinates to approve of the Holy Day of Kim Yu He, the invitation to the name, the inheritance and the confession, and the secret deputy envoy Li Ziyong to celebrate the Qianqiu Festival. The poem written by Li Sui during the reign of Yong Yong tells the hardships of Goryeo: Kim Si-jae came to the door to say goodbye, and the year was smooth, and the Jinling was served in the Dynasty. Just for the sake of giving words to the alley, you can know that it is dedicated to Duyang. The years are difficult to fill, and the monarch is pure and loyal. The watch seal is weak, and the white-haired Xiao Xiao is a herdsman.
The Ming Dynasty did not accept the tribute of the Goryeo envoys, and in order to further verify Goryeo's sincerity in the relations between the Ming Dynasty, it put forward the condition to Goryeo that "5,000 tribute horses, 500 jin gold, 50,000 taels of silver, and 50,000 horses of cloth were not paid in the previous five years", and told Goryeo that if the requirement was met, "he would not be exempted from taking the envoy's troops to the other side on the other day", and put pressure on Goryeo through Sogon. Xin Yu, who was isolated and helpless, began to adjust his attitude towards the outside world in the face of the military threat and high tribute requirements of the Ming Dynasty.
The growing split in Mongol power meant that the Yuan power could no longer provide any form of help, which would instead pose a new threat to the stability of Goryeo. Therefore, Xin Yu began to actively improve relations with the Ming Dynasty. Beginning in July of the eleventh year of Hongwu (1378), Xin Yu began to distance himself from Northern Yuan and no longer received his envoys.
At the same time, the frequency of sending envoys to the Northern Yuan was gradually reduced, especially in the 14th and 15th years of Hongwu (1381 and 1382), which interrupted the exchange of envoys for a time. Subsequent contacts between the two sides were limited to the sending of envoys from the Northern Won to Goryeo, and even though the Northern Won wanted to resume sending envoys to Goryeo, Shin Woo adopted a passive attitude.
In the eleventh year of Hongwu (1378), after the death of Emperor Zhaozongxue who was trying to renew the Northern Yuan, relying on the Ming Dynasty became the only option. Therefore, Xin Yu made up his mind to join the Ming Dynasty clan system, declaring that "whoever is a king will be ordained by the Son of Heaven (Note: Taizu) should be deserved." Jinyu has not been ordered, and the government is old, and he listens to what he does. However, he was acquiesced in his administration, and there was no unification, and he was even given the intention of appointing, and from now on, on the sixteenth day of the first day of each month, the heads of each department personally appointed the office. It is okay to give the lesson. And this was the first time since Shin Woo came to the throne that he announced the great line of pro-Myeong's affairs in the Kingdom of Goryeo.
In general, after that, no matter how demanding the Ming Dynasty put forward, Xin Yu satisfied it. In order to protect Goryeo from the Ming invasion and to obtain the canonization of the Ming Dynasty, in the seventeenth year of Hongmu (1384), Goryeo sent Li Wonxi into the Ming Dynasty and paid the high tribute proposed by Ming Taizu in full, thus creating favorable conditions for the further development of Myeong-Li relations.