Original title: The Rise and Transformation of Jingchuan Academy
Ye Caixia Wu Xiaoyuan
WeChat Edition No. 1273
At the beginning, there were no schools in the counties, and in the middle of the Song Dynasty, the counties asked for the establishment of school palaces, so schools were set up all over the world. The academy system began in the Tang Dynasty, and Ruoshigu, Yuelu, Bailu, and Suiyang were very famous. Since the time of the Song and Ming dynasties, science has flourished, and the famous Confucian Shuoyan has established fine houses to live in wherever he went, and the construction was prosperous. By the Jiaqing period of the Qing Dynasty, all provinces, counties and counties had set up academies to boost morale, boost Confucianism, cultivate handsome talents, praise the rule of civilization, and complement the school system.
The old Shuixi Academy in Jingyi was the place where Confucians in the Ming Dynasty taught, and later Yunlong, Chilu, Blue Mountain, and Zhenshan academies flourished one after another, which can be described as extremely prosperous. However, because most of them chose mountains and forests, the land was remote, and it was inconvenient for the gentlemen to go to study, so it was not long after its creation, and they were all decadent. At that time, the largest Shuixi Academy was limited to the base site and could not be expanded, and the Yunlong Academy had also existed in name and died, so the Jingyi gentry were very anxious: the construction of the academy was nothing, and Jingchuan was a humanistic source, and the system was independent, and the urgent task of power today did not precede this matter.
Two kinds of college journals
1. Construction
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In the eleventh year of Daoguang, Yanghu Zhao Renji served as the county of Zhixian in Jing County, and he studied the academy in his spare time. Originally, in Yongzhengchu County, Ling Li once created Sanle Academy in the left of the Xuegong, and later became a place for righteous scholars. Its base building still exists, but there are only more than ten houses, and there is neither a lecture hall nor a field property. Alone close to the school palace, the land is quite clear, there are peaks and ponds, pavilions and bamboo trees, scholars are working here, can develop sexual spirituality, and cultivate temperament; On the side of the palace there is an old shooting garden, which is adjacent to Yixue. Its land area is several acres, and it can set up lecture halls, school buildings and the place where the mountain chief is resting, with the old house of righteous learning, and if a college is built here, it will be large-scale. Zhao Renji then discussed with the recommended gentlemen to build Jingchuan Academy, which was approved by the gentry.
Zhao Renji first advocated the donation of 1,200 taels of cheap silver, and with the instructions to the urban and rural gentry to donate as much as they could, and set up a public bureau, selecting Hu Shifu, a fair director and clerk, and other revenue and expenditure managers in the bureau. All the gentlemen were enthusiastic about losing, and the officials and citizens donated a total of more than 23,400 taels of silver. The county governor and the directors of the county started the construction on February 22, the 12th year of Daoguang, and completed the work on November 25, and built two floors of Kuiguang Pavilion in front of the Pan Palace, and rebuilt the Xishou Xiangxian Temple of the Academy, with a total of more than 120,000 taels of silver. He used more than 13,200 taels of silver to remain, and 12,500 taels of silver was raised to pay for the expenses of the college. In addition, there are still more than 700 taels of silver, that is, the funds for the expenditure of the college in the spring and summer of this year, and all its matters are drawn up by the gentlemen of the county themselves, and they are not pretended to be in the hands of officials.
The newly built Jingchuan Academy is located on the left of the Xue Palace and to the right of Wenchang Palace. Five entrances before and after, the first entrance gate is three, inscriptions are erected on both sides of the door, and each surname donates the stele. There is one gatehouse on the left and right outside the gate, and the front wall is tied to the wall; The second lecture hall has three rooms, and six rooms on the left and right, which are places for students to sit in the class examination. There are three characters inscribed by Zhao Renji "Zhi Xuetang" between the walls, and the mountain chief Hu Peihui (Zizhucun) wrote "Jingchuan Academy Zhi Xuetang Record", exhorting all students to be determined to establish the scriptures; The third entrance building has ten upper and lower rooms, and four left and right wing rooms, which is the residence of the mountain chief; The fourth hall has three rooms to worship the seven sages, four upper and lower buildings on the left and right of the hall, and four rooms for all living beings; The fifth entrance hall has seven rooms upstairs and four corridors, which is the place where all lives are born. There were ten more houses, for a total of sixty houses. The surrounding walls measure more than 60 feet. The gate is complete.
Since the thirteenth year of Jiaqing, Wang Mengci and Hu Zhucun have been invited to serve as mountain chiefs. Establish rules and regulations, shift two quarters of management, divided into three shifts, upper and lower, every year on the day of June Lunar Shuo, there is no shirking during the advent period. The enactment is slightly as follows:
1. The College will screen once a year in early February, ask Yi Zun to show the edict in advance, register for the examination room for the papers, and test two texts and one poem in the examination room, and Yi Zun will evaluate A and B, and take 20 internal student supervisors, 20 external student supervisors, 20 attached class supervisors, 20 internal class children, 20 external class children, and 20 attached class children.
1. The children who are taken from the internal and external classes are based on literature and art, but there is no shortage of diligent students in the city and the four towns, and it is advisable to admit them evenly at discretion and without looking for a corner.
1. In addition to giving anointing and fire according to the lessons, children who are in the hospital are allowed to prepare their own food and leave the hospital, and those who wish to listen to it.
1. The dawn of the first class period of each year. The county lord and the two teachers led the children to worship the seven sages, and then led the children to see the mountain chief, and the children were named to teach the scrolls.
1. Every year, in addition to screening, it is agreed that every second day of the first year of March, April, May and October must come to the college to try one essay and one poem, and shall not receive the papers. Every 16th day in March, April and May and the 2nd day of the first day of November, the class is scheduled to be dismissed, and arguments, scriptures, and strategies are added to one article and one poem, and the subject papers are distributed in advance by the caretaker college, and they are handed over within half a month, and submitted to the mountain chief for review.
1. The children in the superintendent take extra money from class and take bonuses, one or two each time, two or three eight dollars each time, four, five, and six six dollars each time, and seven, eight, and nine five dollars each time.
1. In addition to the degree of project use, if the funds saved by the college are purchased with real estate, the abundance will be different, and the manager will be embarrassed, and it may cause disadvantages for a long time. Today, there are many pawns in urban and rural areas, and it is proposed to imitate the example of the Guqiao workers issuing ceremonies to earn interest, and distribute the money saved to each pawn, and pay interest on a monthly basis. The amount of seven-fold discount money is 18,462 cents for the year, and the seven discounted money is 2,2152 cents for the year, and all the money is paid by the seven-fold discount.
1. Each canon is scattered in four towns, and the local stars are scattered, and there must be a place for aggregation. In addition to receiving a few self-receiving money, the rest of the urban and rural pawn money is handed over to the pawn under the management of the pawn for storage, and the secretary in the bureau withdraws each pawn money on a quarterly basis for public use.
2. Revival
During the Xianfeng period, Jingchuan Academy was destroyed in the Bingxiao, leaving the bachelor without a place to observe. It is related to culture and education, in the spring of the fifth year of Guangxu (1879), Wu Li of Duanzhou Zai Jingyi, in addition to promoting advantages and eliminating disadvantages, in order to cultivate culture and education, together with Hong Qinxi, Wu Renfu and others to restore the Jingchuan Academy. Wu Li donated 100 yuan for the first time. In July of that year, Wu Li wrote to Hong Qinxi to persuade him to donate, and Hong donated 100 gold. In addition to Sanyu and Matou, Jicun, Xiafang and other places to donate, Hong Qinxi observed and others in Jinling, Wu Renfu Guangwen and others in Anhui Province successively persuaded them to donate. In the end, with the help of public efforts to raise 10,000 yuan, he first built four city houses on the public land in the city, and then bought two deeds of municipal housing in Xuanyi Xihe Town, which were compiled into two businesses, Zhong and Xin, and rented interest for the examination, that is, it was assigned to five shifts of annual managers for a long time. When Wu Que was about to leave Jing, the princes listed the measures such as the examination course and the manager's establishment in the charter, and asked Wu Que to review the list of donations received and the deed of building a city house. Among them, there are six articles of the examination charter, two articles of the long-term manager charter, and now it is necessary to prepare for the three articles of the charter, the specific content is:
First, the examination should be more. After the battle, there were very few divisions, and it was difficult to negotiate, and now that the Jingchuan Academy is restored, the people of Yiyi have a sense of it. If you take one more lesson, you will do one more essay; Do one more article, that is, more benefit. It is now planned to set eight courses every year, divided into two, three, four, five, seven, nine, ten, eleventh and other monthly points. The first 10 days of each month is the course period, and the paper is limited to the current day for class, and the paper is limited to five days after the class. Until the 10th day of February is the first lesson of the year, it should be modeled on the charter of the major academies, and the county should be asked to Zhen Chuan, and the remaining seven classes should be dismissed, so as not to run and waste their studies. Those who did not arrive at the first class are now imitated by the charters of major colleges, and the first time they make up for it, no reward is given for missing class, and the second class is rewarded according to the number to show the difference. In case of trial course, the annual course period will be changed as appropriate. The prize for each missed lesson paper before and after can be collected at the hospital on a regular basis, or you can ask someone to collect it on your behalf. If the hospital paper is insufficient, the other paper will be written and recorded as well, but the names of those who copy Chen Wen and the same will be deducted.
First, the first is also appropriate. For example, 20 super-grade and 30 special students are selected in one hundred books, and the rest are listed in the first grade. Children's rolls are divided into upper, middle and second, and the number of books is also calculated according to this, and each time the unified examination of the paper is divided according to the discretion.
1. Reward Yifeng also. The raw roll is two or two for each big money, one or two for each big money in the special class, and five for the top ten big money in the first class. On the children's roll, take one or two dollars for each big money, five dollars for each big money, and two coins for the top ten big money. If the funds are insufficient, the public discretion will be reduced.
First, urban and rural areas should be equalized. I have a vast place and must be observed together. This discussion is divided into five characters, east, west, south, north, and middle, such as the three corners are all subordinate to the Chinese characters, and their townships are subordinate to the original place, and each of them writes one character on the scroll. Each lesson first divides the number of volumes in No. 5 and the number of numbers that should be taken, and each number should be divided according to the number of super, special and so on, and then combined the text taken in No. 5, and then divided the ranking according to the text, and combined into a list. Each lesson is inscribed with a list, divided into four towns, and each volume is scattered to encourage encouragement. The five former articles were copied and pasted on the courtyard wall and kept in the courtyard for engraving.
1. Admission to Yigongye. Each roll is each with a float, the upper half of each is written with the characters east, west, south, north and middle, and the lower half is filled in with the name. When the roll arrives at the hospital, the floating signature is removed, the number is registered and sent for reading, and the A and B are determined and checked and filled in to eliminate the fraud. His presiding officer, writing questions, grading papers, and taking in the records will be taught by Yi Zun, a lesson from the teacher, and a lesson for the ancestors at the discretion of the gentleman, and the cycle will be repeated every year. The examination and revision fees are sent with the class, and the mountain chief is not specially invited to avoid redundant expenses.
First, the learning is also Yi Boye. The article is based on the name of the science and poetry, which is especially enough to recruit boya. Today, in the loose class, poetry and miscellaneous works are added to recruit erudition, and rewards are given, and those who cannot listen to it.
Yuanjiu Manager Charter:
First, the manager should be on shift duty. There are four upright gentlemen in each of the four townships and one city, a total of twenty people, and five people are in charge every year, divided into four shifts, taking over in turn. If there are people who are out of office and travel, the public will appoint another person to take care of them, and if there are private disadvantages, the public will exchange them for another person.
First, the accounts should be clear year also. At the end of each year, the public settlement pays a number, spends some, and still has some, and the clean-up is clearly handed over to the off-duty takeover. If there is a deficit, malpractice, etc., the five members of the class shall compensate together, and the person who takes over shall not receive it in confusion.
The time has come to prepare three articles of the charter:
1. It is appropriate to collect and store the donated money. Urban and rural donations have not yet been collected and stored. This year, the upper and lower limits will be paid in two installments. First the college will accept the ticket, the stub will be registered, limited to fifty yuan, and the face will be sealed and stamped, and it will be temporarily sent to the county treasury. About 500 yuan or more, specially sent to Mr. Jinling Hong Qinxi for deposit, hurry up to communicate to buy a city house, that is, the bank withdrawal application.
First, if the donation is not donated, it is advisable to persuade it to do it. Those who have already written in each village will send the donation book to the hospital, and those who have not donated will send people who are familiar with the four villages to each township to coordinate their first work in the early April. In the autumn, he sent the old adults of Lianda to Jiangxi, Hankou, Su, Yang and other places to persuade, and paid as they were donated, all of which belonged to Jinling.
1. The division is also responsible for public affairs. Each of the four townships is a diligent and upright person, sitting in the bureau to handle various affairs such as correspondence, persuasion, payment, and purchase of market houses, and should be diligent and thrifty, and let it be expensive and not be scrupulous.
These terms may have a long-term perspective or request for establishment, but they are all thoughtful and detailed, and after being submitted to Wu Li of Zhixian County of Jing County for examination and approval on March 29, they will be transferred by the county bureau separately. While buying city houses, everyone enrolled students, and planned to donate money from the county in the fourth, seventh, ninth, tenth and first months of the seventh year of Guangxu, and take four courses first. Since then, recruitment, management and other matters will be implemented accordingly.
In the eleventh year of Guangxu (1885), Hong Qinxi added a curriculum for Jingchuan College: Zhu Zhechen, a family member of the time, observed that he donated 1,000 gold to buy a house in Wuhu to obtain interest to add lessons to the college. The College teaches two lessons per month to the department, which is three lessons. And because the academy class has no poetry endowment, it is planned to allocate a public donation of Cha Yixin to the college, which will be specially used for the reward of ancient studies and the reading fee.
3. Name change
In the 30th year of Guangxu (1904), Jing County changed to "Jingchuan Academy", established "Jingchuan Higher Primary School", and implemented a new academic system.
After the national examination was stopped in the thirty-first year of Guangxu (1905), the Jingyi public discussed allocating 200 yuan every year to the Jingchuan Higher Primary School, and the remaining surplus was retained for the study palace and the Sixiang official gathering. Due to the Anhui Province's school promotion, each county should set up a school aid office, and publicly promoted a general director of education to advocate for the education affairs of Quanyi.
When the city and the countryside gathered at the time of the shift handover, the gentry immediately agreed after discussing the transformation of Jingchuan Academy into a counseling office. It is not easy to obtain a general director who advises him to travel abroad to graduate from normal schools and have complete knowledge. Engongsheng Zheng Shuen, Gongsheng Wu Yunjin, candidate house experience, attached tribute student Chen Shuzi, years Gongsheng, candidate training Wei Jingshan, state title Zhang Chengzi, Lan Ling hereditary cloud riding captain Zuo Jialu, five-pin sealed, hereditary cloud riding captain Zhao Xigang, lifting people Zuo Xiongxiang, divine birth Pan Bi, Wei Xuanfen, supervisor Shen Yichang, attached tribute student Shi Bingrui, attached students Dong Qide, Zhang Jinggao, Shen Zhongying, Wei Xuanfen, Wang Zhengfang, etc. After four considerations, he felt that only Wang Yuan, who had a tribute, was a serious and well-behaved person, always paid attention to academic affairs, and urged improvement in various schools in the countryside. Today, if you are downgraded, you are not up to the task.
Wang Yuan, belonging to the Jingbei Wang clan, is a county student, and the character is first, and the number is born. In the second year of Guangxu (1876), he entered the examination of Pan, in the winter month of the twenty-third year of Guangxu (1897), and on February 15, in the thirty-third year of Guangxu (1907), he was elected to the candidacy.
Wang Yuan was repeatedly humble, saying that the general manager did not dare to be a general. The people advised him to take care of the matter for the time being, and if there were those who were talented and excellent in learning and were expected by all, they would give in as soon as they were raised. On 25 February 33, Guangxu reported to Qiu of Zhixian County, Jing County, requesting a note first, so that Wang Yuan, the post, would be sent to the office to discuss everything. As for the management accounts of persuasion to study, they are still in accordance with the old chapter of the Palace of Learning, and urban and rural rotation are managed.
On 19 March of the 33rd year of Guangxu, he was sent to Anhui to study Shen Weizha: The Ministry of Investigation and Investigation of Schools decided that the academic affairs officials system of each province was set up, and each department, prefecture and county counseling institute set up a person to inspect the students, concurrently serve as the general director of academic affairs, choose a gentleman of his own nationality, and have a good character outside the Chinese New Year's Eve, and those who have traveled abroad or have studied teacher training are appointed by the envoy Zapai, that is, they are stationed in various departments and prefectures and counties, and local officials supervise and handle academic affairs, and inspect schools in various rural cities and towns on time, guide and persuade, and strive for progress.
It is also stipulated in the charter of the Institute that each prefecture and county will choose a special public office in the city, which is the sum of academic affairs in the whole territory, that is, it is called a certain counseling office. In addition, the school counseling office is the supervision of the local magistrate, and a general director is set up to comprehensively check the affairs of each district, and the county will also be responsible for the study. Promoting the establishment of primary schools in the divided areas with a view to gradually promoting universal education is the first meaning of running schools. The original music has been engraved by the Office of Academic Affairs. At the beginning of the company's successive terms, it was also elected by the prefectures and counties and the urban and rural gentry. After going, I came according to the application of Jing County, and checked that the student paid attention to education, and the township looked forward to Sufu, and he was able to send the students of Jing County and the general director of the school counseling institute. In the case of important academic affairs, it will be properly handled at any time with the local government to serve as the basis for educational administration. Even if the student is divided into school districts in accordance with the regulations, the strength of the persuasion will still be compared with the situation of persuasion, the number of school-age children in each district, and the number of those who have enrolled but not enrolled, and the investigation will be clearly compiled within two months, and submitted to the magistrate for verification and detailed application.
After checking by Qian Zhenjia, a general affairs officer of the General Affairs Division of the General Affairs Officer and a candidate Zhou Jiyun of Zhixian County, Wang Yuanyuan, a tribute student, officially took office in the first year of Xuantong.
In the 17th year of the Republic of China (1928), the Jing County Library was officially established on the original site of Jingchuan Academy. In front of the east of the court, three new brick and wood structure pavilions, one office, one book collection, one reading, about 2,000 books purchased, appointed by the county party department Dong Jixiang as the librarian, the reading room hung Sun Yat-sen's portrait and the couplet "The revolution has not yet succeeded, comrades still have to work hard", and the daily readers are often full. The five-character signboard of "Jing County Library" was written by Li Jueren, head of the county party department, who went to Nanjing and asked Tan Yanmin to write it. After the library, due to poor funds, poor management, and non-return of books borrowed by powerful figures, the number of books gradually decreased, and the number of readers decreased accordingly.
(The author, Ye Caixia, is the deputy director of the Cultural and Historical Committee of the CPPCC Jing County, a director of the Xuancheng History and Culture Research Association, Wu Xiaoyuan is an employee of the Jing County High-speed Railway Station and the deputy secretary-general of the Xuancheng History and Culture Research Association)