One. Founding of Ogata Koan and Shijuku
In July 1826, he entered the Osaka Langaku Doctor Zhongtenyu to study Lankata medicine. Before leaving his hometown to study in Osaka, Ogata wrote to his parents, "I was unable to become a samurai serving my country because I was weak since childhood, and now I want to spend three years studying medicine and aspiring to become a doctor. Therefore, I asked my parents three years to complete my medical history.
Medicine is not only a technology for treating diseases, but also a way to save all people." After abandoning martial arts to practice medicine, Ogata Hongan forgot to eat and sleep, became proficient in his studies, sought teachers everywhere to learn skills, and finally obtained superb medical skills. After four years of studying at the Sisai juku of Chutenyu, Ogata Hongan entered the Tairai-juku of the Shoku in the Pingi Channel in February 1831 at the suggestion and recommendation of his teacher Chutenyu, and became the head of the Shoku. Tairai Dao, along with Ito Genpu and Totsuka Shizukai, is known as the "Three Great Masters of Langaku" in the Edo period. Ogata continued to study Dutch and Western medical and surgical techniques in Tairaijuku, and translated many medical and physics books, such as the orchid medical book "Human Physiology". He also studied pharmacy from Udagawa Hazelsai and wrote the Glossary of Pharmaceutical Terms, which became a widely used pharmaceutical dictionary at the time.
In 1836, Ogata Koan came to the Dutch Shokan in Nagasaki to study Dutch medicine. He returned to Osaka in 1838 after the "Oshio Heihachiro Rebellion" and opened the Orchid Gakujuku - Shijuku in Osaka's Wacho Town. Under the turbulent and difficult life at the end of the shogunate, Ogata Hongan carried out benevolent arts for healing and saving people as a healer, and at the same time actively carried out educational activities as an educator, cultivating many late Makumura doctors, literati, aspirants, and pioneers of the new era, such as Masajiro Omura, Keisuke Oshima, Fukuzawa Yukichi, and Tsunemin Sano, and provided many excellent modernization talents and made significant contributions to the development of the Meiji Restoration and modernization in Japan.
Two. Educational activities for appropriate schools
In 1838, Ogata Koan opened the Orchid Medical School "Shijuku" in Wacho, Osaka, and took the "Tairai-juku" run by his teacher Tairai Daichi as a model for his own private school, and aspired to make Shijuku "Osaka's Hiraijuku". Although Tairaijuku is an orchid medical school, it does not emphasize the study of medicine, but teaches orchid knowledge as comprehensively as possible. Although doctors of orchidology in Osaka were very active at that time, there were few scholars who enthusiastically taught orchidology. To this end, Ogata Koan actively teaches orchid knowledge other than orchid medicine in addition to orchid medicine, and aims to cultivate various Western talents for society. Ogata Koan once wrote in his letter: "Now, I am trying to reduce my visits to the hospital as much as possible and concentrate more on the education of juku, hoping to cultivate Western talents for the needs of the times as soon as possible, and this idea is getting stronger and stronger."
In his autobiography, Rosin Privates, Shijuku wrote: "Although Shijuku is a medical school, it is actually a research institute for the interpretation of the Orchid Book. At that time, anyone who wanted to study orchidology could apply to join the school, and there were those who volunteered to become doctors, and those who had ambitions such as soldiers, artillery magicians, and chemists." Ogata Hon-an attaches great importance to language learning, requiring students to be proficient in Dutch, to read the original works of Orchid Studies, and to be rigorous and meticulous in translating the original works, to comprehend the core content and ideas, and not to stick to words. Dutch is the basic content of daily education, mainly through Dutch grammar and text composition.
In addition to basic language learning, classes such as physics, chemistry experiments, medicine, and anatomy are also offered in the school. In the course of education, students emphasize independent learning and mutual help. Ogata Hongan does not directly teach new students, but conducts language education by using old and new forms of education. Beginners first recite texts in Dutch until they can memorize them proficiently under the guidance of their seniors. After learning and mastering Dutch grammar and text composition, he participated in the "reading" of the original Orchid Studies.
Check students' learning by "reading out" 6 times a month. Fukuzawa's Autobiography of Fukuon and Nagawa Zhuansai's Rosin Privates both describe the reading of the school in the school, which is held six times a month, and the head of the school is selected by the head of the school or the supervisor or the same level of the school to conduct an examination in a reading group of 10 or 15 people, and gives corresponding results. When "can read", everyone in the group will read and explain the part of their turn in order. If you can't talk about it, the next person will talk about it, and so on. The host notes the white circle for the students who can explain correctly, the black dots for the wrong, and the white triangle for the particularly good ones. Since there is only one original Dutch book for physics and medicine in the school, students have to copy the original texts and then study in order to prepare for the exam.
The students determine the order by drawing lots, and each person is responsible for transcribing a part of it, and then exchanging the readings in order. The Dutch dictionary is the most important learning tool in language learning, but there is only one Dutch dictionary in the school, so students can borrow dictionaries day and night in groups of 5 or 10 people in order to effectively use the Dutch dictionary. According to Fukuzawa's recollections, the students did not drink alcohol on a regular basis, and only drank all night after the entrance exam. It can be seen that the examination is an important way to test the learning ability of students, and students attach great importance to it.
In addition to emphasizing students' independent learning, the school emphasizes competency education in the form of education. Students are divided into eight grades, all of which are determined by their "ability to read" scores. If a student can win the first place in a certain level for three consecutive months, he can advance to the next level. If a student progresses according to the reading grades, reaching the highest level indicates that the student has read all the original Dutch works in the school, and has reached a high level in reading the original works and language. According to this ability test method, the more Lanxue original works are read, the better the students who can read the test results, the higher their ability level. Only highly talented students who have reached the highest level can attend classes conducted by Ogata Koan himself. In addition, due to the extreme lack of original foreign language works at that time, copying books became a major spectacle for schools.
After learning grammar, new students copied the original works of physics and medicine in the school for the convenience of learning. Older students often copied books that were not available in the school, or for orders from each clan. It shows the difficulty of learning conditions and the tenacity of students' learning spirit at that time. In this way, Shijuku has cultivated many medical scientists and talents who are well versed in military science, artillery art, and physics and chemistry, and celebrities such as Fukuzawa Yukichi, Nagawa Monosai, Oku Keisuke, Hashimoto Zouchi, Misaku Akihei, and Sano Tsunemin are all from Shijuku.
Although Shijuku did not leave any information about the "juku rule", Fukuzawa Yukichi mentioned in his autobiography that "the first rule of the juku rule after entering the juku is 'Reading and research is the duty of the student's study, but only the original work can be read, and the text is not translated at will.'" Such accounts reflect the unfreedom of translation and speech of orchid and Western studies at the end of the shogunate, and can also be understood as Ogata Hongan's desire to maintain the freedom of learning and stay away from the interference of political power and power. Ogata Hongan has made brilliant achievements in the fields of medicine and education, publishing three major medical works, "General Theory of Disease", "Fu's Experience Testament" and "Tiger and Wolf Diarrhea Cures Disease", and established a acne removal hall next to Shijuku, actively carrying out the cause of planting acne, and making important contributions to the effective prevention and treatment of dysentery.
Ogata Koan was one of the few scholars in Japan with an international perspective at the time, and in his later years, he was keenly aware that English would replace Dutch in spreading Western civilization, so he encouraged students to strengthen their study of English and persist in the continuous exploration of advanced Western culture. After the death of Ogata Hongan in 1863, he was succeeded by his adopted son, and after the Meiji Restoration, it was transformed into the Faculty of Medicine of Osaka University.
Three. The effectiveness and impact of appropriate schools
Shijuku trained a large number of talents for the development of Japanese society in the late Edo period and the Meiji Restoration, who were active in various important fields such as medical care, hygiene, education, and industry, and grew into outstanding leaders in various fields and became the backbone of social development. After the death of Ogata Hong-an, his second son, Ogata Yui, became a shogunate physician and professor of medicine. In May 1867, Ogata was allowed to study in the Netherlands, and after returning to Japan, he continued to engage in medical education activities. From April 1880, Ogata served successively as Army Medical Superintendent, Army Pharmacy Superintendent, Deputy Chief of the Military Medical Headquarters, and Chief Military Medical Officer of the Guards Division.
In 1887, Ogata retired from the military and opened Ogata Hospital in Osaka, where he continued to be active in the medical field. He became the director of the Nagasaki Medical School in October 1867, the head of the Ministry of Education in 1871, and visited Europe and the United States with Iwakura in October to study medical education and the health system. In June 1873, Nagawa Zhuansai served as the second director of the Medical Affairs Bureau of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Culture, Sports, and established the Pharmacy. In 1875, Nagawa Zhuansai became the first director of health in the Meiji government, and devoted himself to promoting the establishment of modern medical administration, and promulgated the modern medical system.
In March 1867, Sano Nagamin, a student of Shijuku, attended the Universal Exposition in Paris, France, and in 1870 he was appointed as a major minister of the Japanese Navy, and was later promoted to the position of Daisuke of the Ministry of Work. In 1874, Nagatomin Sano became Vice Minister to Italy and Austria, and after returning to Japan, he successively held important positions such as Senate Member, Secretary of Finance, Privy Counsellor, Minister of Agriculture and Commerce, and since 1887 he has served as the first president of the Japanese Red Cross.
In February 1874, Fukuzawa Yukichi, Sugi Hyōji, Misaku Akipei and others held high the banner of "promoting education on the mainland together with people with lofty ideals" and established the Meirokusha with the purpose of "discerning and enlightening fools". They wrote books and held regular meetings and discussions, and actively promoted the spread of Western democratic scientific ideas in Japan. Fukuzawa became a famous enlightenment thinker and educator in modern Japan, not only making a significant contribution to the introduction of Western civilization in modern Japan, but also founding the famous Keio University. In the era of change in the Japanese Restoration, the righteousness of the nation was stimulated and shouldered the important tasks entrusted by the times.