A hundred years ago, a red boat sailed out of jiaxing South Lake, leading a nation to write a magnificent epic poem of salvation and survival; a hundred years later, where the red boat sailed, the red land changed to the human world.
Today, we approached Wang Huiwu and walked into the red ship.
She is not only the chief administrator of the CPC and a female defender who escorts a great escort, but also devotes herself to the cause of the liberation of Chinese women all her life, and is a strange woman in China's modern history.
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On July 8, 1898, Wang Huiwu was born in Wuzhen, Tongxiang County, Zhejiang Province. Wang Huiwu's father, Wang Yanchen, was a late Qing Dynasty Xiucai and one of the representatives of the local restoration faction, which allowed her to study with boys in private schools.
When he was 13 years old, his father died of illness and the family was financially strapped, so Wang Huiwu had to withdraw from Jiaxing Normal School and return home, and the woman inherited her father's business and helped her mother share the burden of life.
Later, Wang Huiwu borrowed a hall from the Town's Baoge Temple and founded the county's first girls' school. At first, people generally took a wait-and-see attitude, so she let everyone audition for free, and it quickly gained unanimous approval. The villagers all said, "Mr. Xiao Wang teaches very well, just like Mr. Lao Wang." They not only sent their children to Wang Huiwu's school, but also helped her advertise everywhere.
Street view of Wuzhen
Soon, the size of the girls' school exceeded 100 students. Wang Huiwu actively imparted new knowledge, publicized science, and advocated new concepts to students, and also vigorously opposed the adoption of children and daughters-in-law, vigorously publicized the freedom of marriage, and encouraged students to cut braids and break bad habits such as foot binding. Once, she found a little girl's feet wrapped tightly, so she mobilized her to let go of her feet. The little girl said with embarrassment, "Then no one will want it in the future." Wang Huiwu listened and laughed: "Society is progressing, and after you wrap up your little feet, no one wants it." ”
In that era, her various "deviant" words and deeds were not tolerated by feudal etiquette, and this new type of school was eventually forced to close.
Around 1916, Wang Huiwu went to Huzhou and entered the Hu County Girls' School for half work and half study. The teaching ideas of this church school are relatively relaxed, and most of the students are new age women with ideals and pursuits. They often gathered together to read various books and periodicals that propagated new ideas and new cultures, and discussed how to restore women's independent personality and how to break through the oppression and shackles of feudal etiquette on women. Wang Huiwu was the most active among the female students.
When he was young, the king would realize
At that time, there were many new trends of thought in society, and publications propagating various doctrines were flying all over the world, and some of them were "random flowers gradually becoming attractive to the eyes." But Wang Huiwu has a soft spot for the new youth magazine founded by Chen Duxiu, and she feels that the emancipation of women's minds advocated by this publication coincides with what she usually thinks.
Therefore, Wang Huiwu wrote a letter to Chen Duxiu in the vernacular, expressing his firm belief in fighting for democracy and freedom to the end. Chen Duxiu replied happily: "I didn't expect our new ideas to affect the church academy", and praised Wang Huiwu for "having courage" and encouraging her to "read more".
In 1919, shortly after the outbreak of the "May Fourth" Movement, Wang Huiwu was introduced by people to meet Xu Zonghan, the wife of Huang Xing, the head of the Shanghai Chinese Women's Federation, and was arranged to do clerical work in the Shanghai Chinese Women's Federation. Wang Huiwu's warm and cheerful personality and conscientious and responsible work attitude were highly valued by Xu Zonghan, and she herself received further training and joined the Socialist Youth League the following year.
Due to his work relationship, Wang Huiwu often went in and out of Chen Duxiu's apartment. Here, she met Li Da, who had just returned from Japan and lived here. After many contacts, Wang Huiwu was attracted by Li Da's lofty faith and profound knowledge, and her own enthusiasm for work and the pursuit of new ideas also made Li Da have a feeling of admiration.
Li Da is from Hunan and Wang Huiwu is from Zhejiang, and their respective rural voices are very heavy, and it takes a lot of effort to understand each other's words at the beginning of contact. Therefore, the two of them often used paper and pencil to communicate, and talked about a "taciturn" but vigorous love. On those sweet days, they often brought a few cakes for lunch or dinner, snuggled up to the Songhu Fort, looked at the gushing Huangpu River and the boats on the river, and exchanged each other's prospects and expectations for the Chinese revolution.
In April 1920, Chen Duxiu's wife Gao Junman testified to the marriage, and Wang Huiwu and Li Da held a simple wedding in the living room of Chen Duxiu's family.
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In May and June 1921, communist groups in various places made frequent contacts and prepared to send representatives to Shanghai to discuss the establishment of the party. Since Chen Duxiu, head of the Shanghai Communist Group, had already gone south to Guangzhou half a year ago, Li Da and Li Hanjun were mainly responsible for one of the party's major preparatory tasks. Among them, the search for a suitable meeting place, the arrangement of food and accommodation for the delegates and other conference work are all handled by Wang Huiwu.
This is a seemingly inconspicuous, but quite trivial and not allowed to travel to the pool of meticulous work, entrusted to Wang Huiwu such a thoughtful, delicate new era woman to do, it is most appropriate.
Wang Huiwu in film and television
Wang Huiwu heard that the Bowen Girls' School on Baier Road (now No. 127 Taicang Road) in the French Concession was planning to have a summer vacation in mid-July, and thought that it would not be eye-catching to arrange for the delegates to settle here. So, in the name of the Shanghai Chinese Women's Federation, she approached Huang Shaolan, the president of the school, and claimed that an academic group had recently come to Shanghai to hold an academic seminar and wanted to spend the night at the school. The headmaster did not doubt that he had him, and agreed happily.
It was the height of summer, and there were no beds on campus, so Wang Huiwu bought some reed mats to spread on the floor slab. During the first meeting, most of the delegates, including Mao Zedong, Deng Enming, and Wang Gemei, lived at the Bowen Girls' School.
Accommodation is easy to solve, but it is not easy to find a safe and quiet venue. Wang Huiwu has looked for several places, but he feels that it is not ideal. Finally, she found that the apartment of Li Hanjun's brother Li Shucheng was in good condition in all aspects: this independent bungalow was located in the French Concession, which could minimize external interference during meetings; Li Shucheng was a leftist who followed Dr. Sun Yat-sen's revolution, and he was a Minister of the Kuomintang at the time, with a certain social status and prestige, and the police detectives in the concession would have some scruples; Li Shucheng's family was in a summer vacation at that time, and the house was just empty.
On July 23, 1921, the First Congress of the Communist Party of China was held at No. 106 Wangzhi Road (now No. 76 Xingye Road) in Shanghai. During the meeting, Wang Huiwu was busy and busy, not only undertaking various logistical support work, but also responsible for the vigilance of the venue.
On the morning of July 28, Wang Huiwu sat downstairs at the back door and looked at the wind. Suddenly, she found a young man with a wet dress that had not yet been shaken off, hurrying out of the compartment and heading straight upstairs. At that time, the delegates were meeting on the second floor, and the door of the conference room was facing the sundeck. Wang Huiwu hurriedly asked the cook who was preparing lunch for the delegates about the man's origins, and the cook replied, "Probably a friend of the young master's family went upstairs to dry his clothes." ”
It is located at the site of the First Congress of the Communist Party of China at No. 76 Xingye Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai
The delicate-minded Wang Huiwu felt that the matter was a bit strange, and she quickly ran upstairs and called out Yang Mingzhai, an interpreter who was sitting near the door of the venue, to inform her of this suspicious situation. Yang Mingzhai immediately entered the house to report to Marin, the representative of the Comintern. Marin, who has underground experience, was highly vigilant and immediately adjourned the meeting.
Discussions among the delegates are bubbling up, and some people feel that they may be "nervous". Zhang Guotao, who presided over the meeting, complained to Li Da with a reproachful tone: "How did Wang Huiwu do it?" Stir up the meeting! ”
It turned out that Wang Huiwu's intuition was right. Shortly after the delegates left the venue, two police cars roared in, and several French patrols broke in, and one by one vigorously interrogated Li Hanjun, who was "alone in the empty house": Where are the people who gathered here in the morning? What do meetings do? The calm and self-assured Li Hanjun replied in fluent French: "In the morning, a few of my friends were here to discuss the Renaissance movement of the nineteenth century, and the argument began, which alarmed you, sorry!" "The patrols searched around, but found no suspicious items, and had to go away in mourning. Afterwards, Marin said to the delegates: "This girl is very alert, and she must be well trained." ”
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The meeting place was targeted by the enemy, and the Party Congress adjourned the meeting for two days to discuss the matter of choosing another meeting place. Some people suggest finding a hotel in Shanghai, and some people advocate moving to Hangzhou's West Lake... After careful analysis, everyone believes that in Shanghai, so many people gather together, it is easy to attract the attention of the police; Hangzhou's West Lake is a playground for dignitaries and dignitaries, and there are many guards and police, and it is not safe.
Wang Huiwu felt that his hometown was an ideal place, so he said, "I'm going to talk more today, let me come up with an idea." Jiaxing, not far from our Tongxiang, has a South Lake, which is beautiful but not as eye-catching as Hangzhou's West Lake. We may wish to rent a painting boat and pretend to be tourists passing through Jiaxing on the way to the West Lake. ”
After listening, Dong Biwu first clapped his hands in approval: "This suggestion made by Mr. Wang is good!" She was a reliable person, a girl with knowledge and thoughts, and we should trust her. He Shuheng then said: "I also think this place is more suitable." The two oldest and more experienced deputies took the lead in endorsing Wang Huiwu's proposal, and the other comrades did not propose a better plan, and the new meeting place was thus determined.
Imitation of the "Red Boat" based on Wang Huiwu's recollection
On the evening of July 30, Wang Huiwu went to the Shanghai Railway Station to inquire about the number of trains to Jiaxing the next day, and went to Jiaxing Daqian Station first.
At dawn the next day, the delegates took the earliest train and arrived at Jiaxing Station at about 8 o'clock. Wang Huiwu settled everyone at the Mandarin Lake Hotel in Zhangjialong, washing their faces, eating breakfast, and asked Mr. Bookkeeper of the hotel to help rent the painting boat. She was going to rent a big boat, but the big boat had been booked in advance, so she had to spend 4 yuan 5 dimes to rent a medium painting voyage, and spent 3 yuan to book a table for lunch, including a tip, a total of 8 yuan.
When the group left the hotel at 9 o'clock to go to the South Lake, Wang Huiwu borrowed a pair of mahjong cards from the hotel and said to Mr. Bookkeeper: "Please leave two better rooms." If it's fun here, we'll come back for another stay in the evening. "It's all the same as the average tourist.
After arriving at the South Lake, accompanied by Wang Huiwu, the deputies observed where the painting boat was parked in the name of playing in the Yanyu Building. Subsequently, Wang Huiwu took everyone to Huxin Island by ferry boat, and then took a small boat to transfer to the painting boat under Wang Huiwu's bag.
The ship is about 16 meters long and 3 meters wide, with a wide bow and is divided into front, middle, room and rear cabins. Wang Huiwu asked the owner of the boat to prop up the boat 200 meters southeast of the Yanyu Building, and a relatively secluded water was inserted with a pen. At 11:00 a.m., the delegates sat around the Eight Immortals table in the middle cabin of the painting boat for a meeting, and Wang Huiwu sat alone at the bow of the ship and watched the surroundings vigilantly. As soon as another cruise ship approached, she hummed a small tune of Jiaxing and beat the boat board with the handle of the fan to remind the delegates to pay attention. For safety reasons, she ordered lunch in the morning, and she asked the owner to use a tug boat to transfer it to the painting boat, so that the delegates could eat and talk.
In the evening, the sound of a suspected patrol boat motor "suddenly" was heard in the distance, and the delegates temporarily adjourned the meeting and pretended to play mahjong. Wang Huiwu immediately took a small boat to inquire about Huxin Island, and found out that it was a local rich gentleman taking a private yacht to take a ride on the lake. The alert was dismissed and the meeting went back as usual.
In this way, on this painting board in Jiaxing South Lake, Chairman Mao, Dong Biwu, He Shuheng, Chen Tanqiu, and other deputies completed a major final agenda. At about 6 p.m., the meeting adopted the first party program of the Communist Party of China, created the party's leading body, and elected Chen Duxiu as secretary of the Central Bureau. All the deputies softly exhaled the strongest voice of the times: "Long live the Communist Party!" Long live the Third International! Long live communism! "From this moment on, the Chinese Communist Party was born.
After the meeting, the delegates quietly disembarked and scattered away from Jiaxing that night, bringing the seeds of revolution to all parts of the country, and a new chapter in Chinese history began.
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After the successful conclusion of the Party Congress, Wang Huiwu founded one of the Party's earliest women's publications, Women's Voices, on December 10, 1921. She has published articles such as "New Trends in the Chinese Women's Movement" and "The Consciousness of Hunan Women Workers" in the journal. Although "Women's Voices" has only published 10 issues for various reasons, as the party's first women's publication, it has played an important role in disseminating emancipation ideas and introducing the advanced experience of women's liberation movements in various countries.
In 1922, Wang Huiwu co-founded the Shanghai Civilian Girls' School and served as the director of the school's work department. This is the first new type of part-time school founded by our Party, and it is also a secret contact point for the Party. On July 16, 1922, the Second National Congress of the Communist Party of China was held at the home of Wang Huiwu in Shanghai. Wang Huiwu held his newborn eldest daughter Li Xintian at the door. After the First National Congress of the Communist Party of China, she once again did guard work for the Second National Congress of the Communist Party of China.
Former classroom site of Shanghai Civilian Girls' School
After the meeting, Li Da went to Hunan Self-Study University in Changsha at the invitation of Chairman Mao to preside over teaching affairs, while Wang Huiwu taught English at the middle school attached to the school. Chairman Mao praised her to her face: "You are a very courageous person, and you dare to go to this place (Guide Lake) to hold a meeting." ”
In April 1923, Hunan Self-Study University was forcibly closed by reactionary warlords for its clear propaganda of Marxism. Li Da and Wang Huiwu taught in Wuhan, Changsha and other places.
After the defeat of the Great Revolution in 1927, Wang Huiwu still actively promoted Marxism. In 1932, under the pseudonym "Wang Xiaoou", she founded the Pen Gengtang Bookstore, which not only compiled a large number of Marxist works, but also edited and published li Da's "Outline of Sociology" in May 1937.
Wang Huiwu found a way to send this book that condensed countless efforts of her and Li Da to Yan'an. After reading it, Chairman Mao made a detailed criticism and recommended the book to the Yan'an Philosophical Research Association and the Anti-Japanese Military and Political University, pointing out that this was the first Marxist-Leninist philosophy textbook written by Chinese himself. In his reply to Li Da, Chairman Mao enthusiastically praised the couple: "You are real people. ”
Li Da
In 1945, when Chairman Mao went to Chongqing to negotiate, Wang Huiwu happened to be participating in progressive activities in Chongqing, so he participated in the welcome meeting for Mao Zedong held by the Chongqing women's circles. During the meeting, Chairman Mao learned that Wang Huiwu was also present, and hurriedly ordered: "Please don't leave, stay here." ”
After the meeting was adjourned, Wang Huiwu was invited to Chairman Mao's residence, and she clasped Chairman Mao's hand tightly and said eagerly: "Chiang Kai-shek is a man whose words do not count, and you must not be fooled by him." Chairman Mao laughed loudly: "Will you still be the same as before, talk straight to the point, please rest assured!" ”
After the liberation of the whole country, Wang Huiwu was arranged to work in the Legislative Affairs Committee of the Council of Ministers. In 1959, the CPC Central Committee and the Zhejiang Provincial Party Committee decided to prepare for the construction of the Jiaxing South Lake Revolution Memorial Hall, and the "red boats" on display were copied according to Wang Huiwu's recollection and approved by Dong Biwu.
After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, although Wang Huiwu was over eighty years old, he still actively provided a large number of precious first-hand materials for the founding history of the Communist Party of China, the history of the early Women's Movement in China, the history of his hometown county and the site of the First Congress of the Communist Party of China.
In his later years, the king will enlighten
At 18:25 on October 20, 1993, Wang Huiwu died of illness in Beijing at the age of 95. Although this strange woman in China's modern history has never held an important position, her firm belief in Marxism-Leninism has never wavered in various historical periods. She is the only female participant in the CPC, and she is also a historical witness to the founding of the CPC, and her contributions to the PARTY and the cause of women's liberation in China will forever be recorded in the annals of history.
The author of this article: Yin Jie, "This is the war" to join the author, without the author himself and "this is the war" permission, any media, self-media shall not be reprinted, violators will be investigated for legal responsibility, readers welcome to forward.
Editor's Profile: Wang Zhengxing, former officer of a field unit of the People's Liberation Army, has served in infantry detachments, headquarters, logistics departments and other units, is committed to the study of war history and tactics, and has a unique understanding of military tactics and non-war operations. His book "This is War" was recommended in two issues in May and June 2014 by Phoenix TV's "Eight Minutes of Open Volume" column. His public account name is also "This is war", welcome to pay attention