I. Donguo
The Kingdom of Don was one of the states surnamed Ji that was divided in the upper reaches of Huaishui after King Wu destroyed the merchants in 1046 BC. The king of Don is called "Donzi" in historical records, showing that Don is a fourth-class small country with a fief area of only about 250 square miles. After the establishment of the Don Kingdom, it experienced a relatively stable Western Zhou period to the early Spring and Autumn period, and from the middle of the Spring and Autumn period, it struggled to survive in the cracks between the Chen, Chu, Lu, Song, Jin and other great powers vying for hegemony in the Central Plains, or lost or continued, and was finally destroyed by Qiang Chu in 496 BC, and existed for 550 years.
The Kingdom of Don is bordered by Chen Guo to the north, Xiang and Shen to the east, and Cai Guo to the south. The territory of these states was in flux in the later struggle for hegemony. During the Western Zhou Dynasty, the royal family of the Zhou Dynasty was still strong, and the Kingdom of Don and the surrounding vassal states could live in peace and sound, and were in a period of relatively stable development. Chen is a big country, Don is a small country, Don is dependent on Chen, and Chen also needs Don as a barrier. In the early Spring and Autumn period, Chen and Don had close relations. From the autumn of 1975 to 1984, a batch of Zhou Dynasty bronzes were unearthed in Zhuji Village, Lianji Township, Shangshui County, including ding, bang, chariot and horse tools, etc., all of which were scattered, and only 4 pieces of late Western Zhou copper pins and 3 pieces of early Spring and Autumn original Zhongbang remained, all with inscriptions. Among them, the original Zhongbang is 28.3 cm long, 21.5 cm wide and 18 cm high, and the body is decorated with overlapping beast body curls and variant bird and beast patterns, and the inscription is cast in the cover: "But the first month of the month of the Jidinghai, the original Zhongzuo fell into Zhong Zhong to marry the wife, and used it to pray for eternal life without borders." The Zhoukou Guandi Temple Folk Museum also has a piece of "Yuan Zhong" bang, which is the same as the former. These four "Yuan Zhong" bangs are dowry artifacts made by Chen Guo's doctor Yuan Zhong for his second daughter. "Spring and Autumn • The Twenty-seventh Year of the Duke of Zhuang" contains: "In the autumn, the son of the prince is like Chen, and the original Zhong is buried. "Yuan Zhong, the great doctor of the Chen State during the Spring and Autumn period, died in 667 BC." The era of the original "bang" should have preceded this year. The marriage between Dr. Chen Guo and the nobles of the Kingdom of Don shows that the Kingdom of Don and the State of Chen once maintained a good neighborly relationship.
The initial capital of the Kingdom of Don was in Ligang Village, Pingdian Township, present-day Shangshui County. Qing Gu Donggao's "Chronology of Spring and Autumn Events" cloud: "The country of Don was thirty miles north of the county (referring to Shangshui County), and the Dunzi was forced by Chen, rushed south to Chu, and migrated south from Dun, so it was called Nantong. "The cultural relics departments of Zhoukou City and Shangshui County found the site of the ancient city of Donguo, and after exploration and investigation, the ancient city of Donguo was square in shape, the city wall was built of rammed earth, the side length was 500 meters, and the area reached 250,000 square meters. There are moats guarded outside the city walls. Building components from the Western Zhou and Spring and Autumn periods have been unearthed in the city, such as tube tiles, plate tiles, moire tiles, and pottery pots for living utensils, as well as ant-nose money, the currency of the Chu State. Tombs of Western Zhou, Spring and Autumn, and Warring States were found outside the city. The discovery of the ancient city confirmed that the area around Ligang Village, Pingdian Township, present-day Shangshui County, was the territory of Donguo.
In the Western Dynasty, the royal family declined, and some large vassal states and emerging vassal states began to attack each other. In the Spring and Autumn period, the princes were large and small, strong and weak, and wars for hegemony were frequent. As a small country with a weak country, the Kingdom of Don is sandwiched between the princes of the big countries chasing the deer to the Central Plains, and it may depend on or disobey the big countries, and immediately leave and vacillate. The Kingdom of Don was originally dependent on the State of Chen, but later feared the strength of the State of Chu, so he turned his back on the State of Chu. Chen Guo then pressed the border with large troops, so that Donzi lost the country, and Donzi fled to the Chu State for help and took refuge in the Chu State. The exact year of Chen Guo's death, the historical information is unknown, it is estimated that it should be 637 BC or a little earlier. In the autumn of 637 BC, while the state of Chen returned to the state of Chu, he also secretly communicated with the state of Song, and the king of Chu accepted Donzi's request for help and sent the general Cheng Dechen to lead an army to attack the state of Chen. After the Chu army occupied Jiao and Yi, and returned home after building a new city in Dondi. "The Twenty-second Year of the Duke of Zuo Chuan" contains: "In the autumn, Chu Cheng got a courtier to cut down Chen and asked him to be second to Song Ye. Take the scorch, raze, and return the city in a daze. In 635 BC, Chu ordered Yin Ziyu (Cheng Dechen) to surround the state of Chen and escort Donzi back to the newly built capital, restoring Donzi. "Zuo Chuan • Twenty-five Years of the Duke of Wu" contains: "Sui Wei Chen, Naton son Yu Dun. "This tuyi is the old city of Nanton in the town of Nanton. "Hanshu Geographical Records" Bangu Yuan Zhuyun, Nanton County, Runan: "Donzi Guo, surnamed Ji. Yan Shigu quoted Ying Shaoyun: "Dun, surnamed Ji Guo, forced by Chen, later migrated south, so it was called Nanton." "Spring and Autumn" Du pre-notes: Dun, the name of the country, the surname Ji, that is, the ancient city of Nanton, slightly southwest of today's Xiangcheng. "Water Scripture • Yingshui Note": "(Yingshui) passes southeast through the north of Nanton County, and the drowning water flows from the west. Drowning in the water in Lejia County, not to pause. Dun, so Don Ziguoye, Zhou Zhi's same surname. "Records of Xiangcheng County", in the twentieth year of the Kangxi Dynasty of the Qing Dynasty (1681) "Stele of the Great Stone Bridge": the name of Nanton has been around for a long time. Those who surround it are valley waters, which originate in Tailinggang, go up to the Huang and Shazhu rivers, and descend to the Huai and Si rivers, and go east to Jujin for Yang and Yu, and Nantong is appropriately rushed. "According to archaeological investigations, the ancient city of Nanton is about 500,000 square meters, and there is still a section of rammed earth north city wall, which is 217 meters long from east to west, 7 meters high, about 5 meters wide at the top, 18 to 30 centimeters thick in rammed layers, and shallow bottom rammed nests. A large number of tiles, tube tiles and pottery pieces decorated with thick and thin rope patterns are scattered throughout the city. Zhou Dynasty tombs have been found in and around the city.
After the restoration of the Don state, it completely became a vassal of the state of Chu. In 569 BC, the Chu people attacked the state of Chen, and at the same time ordered the state of Don to attack the state of Chen, for which the Chen people surrounded the state of Don. "Zuo Chuan • The Four Years of Xianggong" contains: "The Chu people made Chen and invaded it, so the Chen people surrounded it. "In the war for hegemony in the Spring and Autumn period, Chen, Dun and other vassal states were intimidated by Qiangchu and followed him to conquer other countries many times. In 538 BC, these vassal states followed Chu to attack the state of Wu. "Spring and Autumn • The Four Years of Zhaogong" Cloud: "Xia, Chuzi, Caihou, Chen Hou, Zheng Bo, Xu Nan, Xu Zi, Teng Zi, Dunzi, Hu Zi, Shen Zi, Xiao Zizi, Song Shizizuo, Huaiyi will meet Yu Shen." "In autumn and July, Chuzi Caihou, Chen Hou, Xu Nan, Donzi, Huazi, Shenzi, and Huaiyi felled Wu." In 537 BC, he attacked the state of Wu again. "Spring and Autumn • Five Years of Zhaogong" cloud: "Winter, Chu Zi, Cai Hou, Chen Hou, Xu Nan, Dunzi, Shen Zi, Xu Ren, Yue people felled Wu. "In July 519 BC, Wu forces defeated the allied forces of the Chu state, including Chen and Dun, at Jifu (present-day southeast of Gushi County, Henan). "Spring and Autumn • Zhaogong 23" cloud: "In the autumn and July, Wu Futong, Hu, Shen, Cai, Chen, and Xu learned from Father Ji. "Zuo Chuan • Zhao Gong 23" has a more detailed record of this exchange: "Wu Gongzi Guangyi: 'The princes are subordinate to Chu, and they are all small countries. Fearful and unrelenting, it has been. ...... Don and Xu, Cai Qiao Chuzheng...' Wu Zi from it, Bo Chenxi, fought against the chicken father. ...... So that Ben Xu and Cai and Dun, said: 'My king is dead! 'The division is noisy and obeys, and the three kingdoms rush. Chu Shi is running. "Chen, Dun and other states were not willing to be vassals of the Chu state, and in 506 BC followed the Lu state to jointly attack the Chu state. "Spring and Autumn • The Four Years of Dinggong" cloud: "In March, the guild Liu Zi, Jin Hou, Song Gong, Cai Hou, Wei Hou, Chen Zi, Zheng Bo, Xu Nan, Cao Bo, Juzi, Qizi, Dunzi, Huzi, Tengzi, Xue Bo, Qibo Xiaozi, Qi Guo, Xia Yuzhaoling, invaded Chu. "Don's participation in this war of invasion of the Chu State did not change the status of its vassals to the Chu State. In February 496 BC, the king of Don was preparing to serve the state of Jin, so he betrayed the state of Chu and broke off friendly relations with the state of Chen. Chu, with the help of Chen Guo, sent troops to destroy the Don State, and it absorbed the territory of the Chu State. "Spring and Autumn • The Fourteenth Year of the Duke of Ding" contains: "In February, Xin has been knotted, Chu Gongzi is knotted, Chen Gongsun Tuo Shuai Shi extinguishes, and Dun Zi returns home. "February is already the twenty-third day of the second month of the summer calendar. "Zuo Chuan • Fourteen Years of Gong" contains: "Don Zi Mou wants to do things, and his back is absolutely good. February, Chu Zhiton". The "Historical Records" recorded: King Zhao "Twenty years of Chu Zhiton. The Kingdom of Don has since been incorporated into Chu Land.
"Warring States Policy" volume 6 Qin 4 records that the king of Qin will be won by a weak agitation: Don Zi said weakly, some people in the world have their names but no facts, some have no reality and have their names, and some have neither their names nor facts, do you know the king? King Qin replied that he didn't know. Donzi said: "There are real and nameless merchants, who have no reputation for farming but have the reality of hoarding grain; Those farmers with their faces facing the loess and facing the sky have the name of farming, but they have no grain in stock. As for the one who has neither a name nor a substance, you are the king of the kingdom of ten thousand times but have no filial piety, and you have used the land of a thousand miles as your mother's nurturing land but have no filial piety. King Qin was furious when he heard this. Dun said weakly: "You do not impose authority on the six eastern countries, but on your mother, I think how inappropriate it is for you to behave." King Qin said, "Can the six eastern countries be annexed?" Donzi said: "Korea is like the throat of the world, and the country of Wei is like the chest and abdomen of the world." If you give me ten thousand gold, I can recruit the virtuous subjects who have defected to Han and Wei to the state of Qin, so that Han Wei will obey the state of Qin. Han Wei obeys, and the world can be mapped. King Qin said, "My country is poor, how can I get so much money for you." Donzi said: "Today is not peaceful, and the current situation is either vertical or horizontal. If Lian Heng succeeds, the State of Qin can be called emperor. If the alliance is successful, the Chu Kingdom will be king. The state of Qin claims that the emperor can make the world serve the state of Qin respectfully, and the state of Chu claims that even if there is a king of ten thousand gold, you will not be able to leave a son. "The king of Qin said that it was very good, so he gave Dun Qiu Wanjin to let him go to Han Wei to operate, and soon the generals of these two countries came to the state of Qin one after another, and Dun weakly entered Yan Zhao in the north, and killed Li Mu, the general of Zhao Guoliang, with a divisive scheme. After that, the king of Qi came to worship the king of Qin, and the other four kingdoms obeyed the state of Qin, and the union of the six kingdoms disintegrated.
Second, Li Guo
Li Guo was a small vassal state granted by the Shang Dynasty, with its capital in present-day East Taiqinggong Town, Luyi County. After King Wu of Zhou destroyed the merchants, he continued to retain the state of Li.
"The Fifteenth Year of Zuo Chuan • Duke Wu" contains: "Autumn, felling vigorously, to save Xu Ye." "In the spring of the fifteenth year of the Duke of Lu (645 BC), due to the close relationship between the State of Xu and the countries of the Central Plains, the State of Chu attacked the State of Xu. In March, Duke Lu Wu, Duke Huan of Qi, Duke Xianggong of Song, Duke Mu of Chen, Duke Wen of Wei, Duke Zheng Wen, Duke Xu of Wu, and Duke Cao Gong met in Kwaiqiu, reaffirming the Kwaiqiu Covenant of the ninth year of Duke Lu (651 BC), and also to help the state of Xu. In the autumn, the allied forces attacked Li Guo to help Xu Guo. "Zuo Chuan • Sixteen Years of the Duke of Wu" contains: "Xia, Qi Vara is not strong, save Xu and return." "In the summer of the sixteenth year of the Duke of Lu (644 BC), the state of Qi sent troops to attack the state of Li, but did not achieve a complete victory, but lifted the siege of the state of Xu. After that, the Qi army returned home.
Lai, also written as "Li" in the literature, is an ancient homonym. The Lai state of the Zhou Dynasty had two, one in the Suizao Corridor, northeast of present-day Suizhou, Hubei. This Lai may have originated from the late Shang Lai state, which was moved by Luyi County in the late Shang Dynasty and early Zhou. Another Lai state, located in the area of present-day Baoxin Town, Xi County, Henan, was a small state surnamed Ji after Zhou destroyed the merchants, and changed the name of Shu Ying, the younger brother of King Wu of Zhou. It is possible that the Lai Kingdom of Bao Xin was also moved from present-day Luyi County. According to the 15th Year of the Duke of Spring and Autumn, in 645 BC, the princes of the Central Plains jointly rescued the armies of Xu Kangchu and Qi Cao to jointly fight against the Lai state. The following year, the state of Qi again sent troops to fight Lai, but failed to conquer it. It can be seen that the Lai State was dependent on the State of Chu in the middle of the Spring and Autumn and had a certain military strength. "Zuo Chuan • The Fourth Year of the Duke of Zhao" records, in 538 BC, King Chu Ling destroyed Lai, Lai Zi was bound to the title, went to Chu Che to ask for guilt, and King Chu Ling moved Lai to present-day Yanling County, Henan. Since then, Lai has disappeared from history.
Lai Guo Luyi said. Those who advocate this theory are represented by Wang Fuzhi during the Ming and Qing dynasties. In "Spring and Autumn Qiu Qiu Shu", he disapproved of Du Xian's commentary on Li Guo's land wang in the sentence "Qi Shi and Cao Shi Fa Li" in "Spring and Autumn • The Fifteenth Year of the Duke of Wu", arguing that Li Guo could not be "Chu Fangguo, Yiyang Suixian has Li Township in the north of Yiyang County", as Du Xuan said, but should be Li Township, Ku County, where Luyi Laozi was born. "Shi Ji Lao Tzu Biography" also recorded: "Lao Tzu Chuku County Lixiang Qurenli people. Note: "Righteousness: Li, Yin Lai." "Jin Taikang Diji" Yun: "The east of Kuxian depends on the countryside, the place where Laozi was born." "Weishu Topographical Records": "Wuping depends on the township." All of the above are in one place. In addition, Yang Bojun, a neighbor, supported Wang Fuzhi's statement in the "Spring and Autumn Left Biography Notes", saying that "considering geography, Qi moved Xu's division to fight hard, and the theory of "Pei Shu" is more appropriate." In fact, at that time, the armies of Qi and Cao fought against Li State because the Chu State army invaded Xu State, and the reason for felling Li was to save Xu. From the perspective of geographical orientation, assuming that Du Xuan's statement that Li Guo was in Suizhou, Hubei is in line with the facts, but Xu Guo is in the area of present-day Si County, Anhui, far from Li Guo, and there are other countries in between, Qi and Cao obviously cannot use troops thousands of miles away. Moreover, judging from the strength of Qi and Cao, during the period of Qi Huan Gong, the most powerful state of Qi, he united the armies of the six states of Song, Chen, Wei, Zheng, Xu and Cao to fight against the state of Chu, but only advanced to the border of the state of Chu (the area around present-day Henan City) far from the hinterland of the state of Chu. What's more, at this time, the state of Qi had already declined, and it lacked the momentum of the seven-nation alliance army in those years, and it was absolutely impossible to march to the heart of the Chu state with only the modest strength of Qi and Cao. Therefore, the Li Kingdom mentioned here is obviously not the Li Kingdom far away in Suizhou, Hubei, but only the Li Kingdom in Luyi, which is closest to Xu Country.
In 1998, archaeologists discovered the "Changzikou Tomb" in the early Zhou Dynasty in Luyi Taiqing Palace, which is a "middle" shaped tomb of two tombs, and unearthed a large number of groups of bronze ceremonial vessels, the scale of which is at the level of princes. Regarding the identity and affiliation of the tomb owner, there are three main opinions: one opinion is that the excavator believes that the eldest son of the tomb owner is the king of the Li Kingdom or the king of the Changguo Kingdom; One opinion is that although the site of the tomb belongs to Luyi, it is not far from Shangqiu to the north, and it is likely related to the Song Kingdom. Many scholars believe that the tomb owner is Wei Ziqi, the monarch of the Song Kingdom, or Wei Zhongyan, who succeeded him as a jun. For example, Mr. Wang Entian believes that the "eldest son" in the tomb of "Changzikou" is a misidentification of "microns". The size of the tomb exceeds that of the princes of the same period, and it belongs to the early Yin tomb of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and the tomb owner should be Wei Ziqi of the Song State or his brother Wei Zhongyan. Taiqing Palace is 60 kilometers north of Shangqiu, and the capital of the Western Zhou and Song Dynasties is near it. This statement is worth paying attention to; One opinion is that the owner of the tomb should be the "mouth" of the eldest son of the neutrino who has not yet been established. Mr. Li Xueqin believes that the word "long" cannot be changed to "micro", and the tomb owner clearly names "mouth", and it is inappropriate to speak of it as a micron and a micro-middle, and the word "eldest son" means "eldest son", so the tomb owner should be the eldest son "mouth" of the micron who has not yet been established. Weizi Qi was older than Xi, and when King Cheng named him the Prince of Song, he was already very old, and the eldest son died first, so Zhongyan was able to take the throne. The eldest son "will die at the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty, not long after the Song Dynasty" ("The Eldest Son, the Neutron and the Other Son", Bulletin of the Former Official Museum, No. 6, 2001).
3. Xiangguo, Shenguo and Yangguo
Xiang Guo is one of the countries surnamed Ji divided in the early Zhou Dynasty, a viscount. The capital was in the southwest of present-day Huaidian Town, Shenqiu County. By the time of spring and autumn, it was still Xiangziguo. In 643 BC, the state of Lu allied with Qi, Song, Chen, Wei and other states in Huai, and the army of the state of Lu took the opportunity to destroy the state of Xiang. "Zuo Chuan • The Seventeenth Year of the Duke of Wu" contains: "Shi extinguishes the item. Huaizhihui, the matter of the public princes, has not returned, but the item is taken. "From this item the country is destroyed, and only the place name of the "item" remains. Xiang Guo is far away from Lu Country, near Chu Country, although Lu is destroyed, it is beyond the reach of the whip. During the Warring States period, Chu destroyed Lu and Xiangdi were incorporated into the State of Chu. Chu Gongziyan was once sealed by Xiang. "Shi Ji Xiang Yu Benji" contains: "Xiang Shishi was a Chu general, sealed in Xiang, so his surname was Xiang." When King Xiang of Chu was king, he moved the capital of Chu from Ying to Chen and took Xiang as the other capital.
Shen Guo, also known as the State of Tan, was a state surnamed Ji after the Duke of Zhou. According to Shen Ziye's analysis, it may have been separated from the surname Ji Fanguo. The state of Shen was located in the area of present-day Pingyu and Shenqiu, Henan, and its capital was in the west of present-day Linquan County, Anhui. "Water Scripture • Rushui Note" cloud: "Rushui water is southeast, and the left will filter water." ...... It is also east to the south of the ancient city of Pingyu County, for Shuishui County, the old Shen Guoye, there is Shen Ting. ”
At the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty, after the death of King Wu, the young King Cheng took the throne, and King Wen's fourth son, Zhou Gongdan, was regent. The three eunuchs were not satisfied, colluded with Wu Geng, the son of King Shangxi, and united with the Eastern Fangyi tribe to rebel, and was later destroyed by Zhou Gongdan. King Wen's tenth son, Ji Zai, was recommended by the Duke of Zhou as the Sikong of Zhou Tianzi for his merits in suppressing the rebellion, and later King Cheng of Zhou sealed his uncle Ji Zai in the state of Shen. Shen is a small country, because of its proximity to the strong, so it is much dependent on it, so it has been repeatedly attacked by Chinese countries. In 624 BC, the Jin, Lu, Song, Chen, Wei, and Zheng dynasties jointly attacked Shen, causing one of them to collapse. "Zuo Chuan • Three Years of Duke Wen" contains: "In the spring of the third year, Uncle Zhuang will be the master of the princes to cut Shen and obey Chu Ye. Collapse. "In 558 BC and 537 BC, the state of Shen followed Chu to Wu twice. In 519 BC, Shen Zi defeated Wu and was captured by the state of Wu. According to the "Fourth Year of Zuo Chuan • Dinggong", in 506 BC, the state of Jin summoned the princes to ally in Zhaoling (present-day Zhaoling District, Luohe City, Henan), and the pro-Chu state Shen refused to participate, and the state of Jin instructed Cai to send troops to destroy Shen state, and sent Shen Zijia back to Cai to kill him.
Yangguo is a small country with the surname Yin that has lost documents, and is a descendant of the Dongyi Shaohao ethnic group. The capital was in the southeast of present-day Shenqiu County. Inheriting the Western Zhou Dynasty Yangshi Zun inscribed: "Raising history as a travel Yi." Yangshi is the history of the princes, which proves that Yangshi established a state in the early Western Zhou Dynasty. In the middle of the spring and autumn of the first spring and autumn period in Jiangling, Hubei, a piece of Yangbo was unearthed, which was a concubine made by the Yangbo for his sister's marriage, indicating that at this time, the Yangguo granted by the Zhou royal family still existed, and the title of Yangguo was Bo.
In the summer of 512 BC, the state of Wu sent envoys ordering the state of Xu (present-day Si County, Anhui) and Zhong Wuguo to surrender their sons and candles. The two kingdoms relied on the support of strong Chu, refused to obey the order, and privately released the second prince and let them go to the Chu country. King Chu Zhao was very proud, and immediately sent a large official to solemnly welcome the second prince, and let the second prince live temporarily in Yangdi (present-day Shenqiu County, Henan). Then, he ordered Yin Ran and Zuo Sima Shen Yin to rebuild the city, and sealed the two places of Chengfu in the northeast of Yangcheng and Hutian in the southeast to the second prince, in an attempt to use the second prince to harm the state of Wu.
According to the "Minutes of Reading the History of Fang You": "Yangcheng is in the northeast of the county. Chuyi in spring and autumn. In the 30th year of Zhao, the second son of Wu covered up the remnants and ran to Chu, and Chu envoys lived and raised, taking the city father Hu Tian with him. The land is close to the border of the two states of Milli and Ying. Qing Gu Donggao's "Chronology of Spring and Autumn Events" volume 7 "Duyi Table" said: "In the east of Shenqiu County, the capital of present-day Chenzhou, Henan, is Yangyi, and Spring and Autumn Chu Yangye. Yang Bojun's "Spring and Autumn Left Biography Note" said: "It was raised in the east of present-day Shenqiu County, Henan, near the border of Anhui Jieshou County. "When the power of the Chu State reaches this area, it is dependent on Chu. It was destroyed by Chu in the late Spring and Autumn or the beginning of the Warring States. Some experts believe that the end of the Yangguo was in the late Spring and Autumn period (He Hao: A Study on the Destruction of the Chu State, Wuhan Publishing House, 1989). According to the Zuo Biography, in the 30th year of the Duke of Lu Zhao (512 BC), King Chu Zhao had granted the Yang land to the Duke of Wu, which shows that the Yang had died before. After raising the country, he became a vassal of the Chu state. There are people who hold important positions in the Chu State, and there are Yang clans among the nobles of the Chu State, and Yang Yuji is known for being good at shooting.