Research on the cultivation technology of golden pear high replacement head mesh frame

Research on the cultivation technology of golden pear high replacement head mesh frame

_Cong Garden

0 Introduction

Golden Pear is a new variety bred in 1984 by the Roju Branch of the Korean Horticultural Experimental Field with a 20th-century and New High hybrid. The fruit is flattened and round, with an average fruit mass of about 420 g, and the largest can reach 1 100 g. The fruit ripens in mid-to-late September, with a fruit development period of about 129 days, a creamy yellow peel when ripe, and a golden yellow after storage and bagging. The flesh is white, the flesh is crisp and juicy, the core is extremely small, the flavor is sweet, and the edible rate is more than 95%. It is more resistant to storage, with a storage period of 30 to 40 d at room temperature and can be stored for 6 months in a modified atmosphere library. The article briefly introduces the key technologies in the cultivation process of golden pear mesh frame.

1 seedling grafting

1.1 Grafting time

The trees can be grafted in mid-April around the time of germination and before the sap begins to flow until flowering.

1.2 Selection of scion varieties

Scion varieties mainly choose golden pear and new century.

1.3 Scion preparation

The scion used in the high-pitched head can be collected intensively in conjunction with winter pruning, and the annual early autumn shoots with full growth and full buds are generally selected on the robust, disease-free tree body. After collection, the shears are sealed with wax, bundled and marked with the name of the variety, and then layered with river sand, and the ventilation hole is left for moisturizing storage at low temperatures.

1.4 Grafting methods

The main method is split, inserted, subcutaneous bud joint and xylem bud joint. These grafting methods are simple to operate, and the grafted fruit trees have a high survival rate, rapid canopy formation, and strong resistance to natural disasters.

1.5 Issues that should be paid attention to when grafting

1.5.1 Large trees should not be too heavy on the head. When grafting, the main side branch should not be too heavy, otherwise it is easy to reduce the survival rate of grafting because the upper branch is reduced and the root system does not have sufficient nutrients.

1.5.2 Selection of tie strips. The tie strip should be made of special grafting cloth with good sealing and good elasticity. When bundling, it is required to tie tightly and tightly to prevent water from entering and ensure the survival rate.

1.5.3 Technical Requirements. Do 4 points when grafting. (1) Flat: Scion incision flat. (2) Fast: the grafting speed should be fast. (3) Qi: The formation layer of scion and rootstock should be aligned. (4) Strict: The binding strip should be strict.

1.6 Post-grafting management

After the grafting becomes a worker, the post-management work should be done well, and the buds at the grafting interface should be erased in time to promote the growth of new shoots. In order for the canopy to take shape as soon as possible, it should be decongested in the appropriate area. Due to the rapid growth of new shoots, the degree of lignification is not high, in case of windy weather, it is easy to split branches, so it can be bundled and fixed with wooden strips, and after the net frame is completed, the branches are connected to the steel wire with cloth strips to achieve windproof effect; For joints that have not been grafted to become alive, they should be replaced in time. When the new shoots grow to about 50 cm, they should be fixed in time with cloth strips or wooden strips to prevent wind folding or artificial folding.

2 Construction of the grid structure

2.1 Rack materials

With 7 strands of No. 10 steel strand as the main line, No. 10 steel wire as the secondary line, the top column and the surrounding column are reinforced concrete custom columns, with specifications of 0.1 m×0.2 m× 2.8 m, 0.15 m× 0.15 m×3.00 m, respectively. The ground anchor is composed of reinforced concrete, ground anchor hook, joint buckle, etc., and the specifications should be larger, and the weight cannot be borne when the amount of prevention results is large.

2.2 Grid structure

Every 4 m around the orchard, a cement column of 0.15 m × 0.15 m × 3.00 m is buried, the height on the ground is 2.2 m, the inclination is 40 ° ~ 50 °, and the anchor hook is fixed. The interior of the orchard is planted according to the row spacing of 6 m×4 m, the height of the aboveground part is 2.2 m, the main line of the surrounding fence is tightened, and then the interval is 4 m to pull a side line, the joint is stuck in the 7 strands of 10 steel strands with snaps, and the whole orchard forms a grid frame structure of 2.2 m high and 24 m 2 per mesh.

3 Loose flowers and fruits and fruit bagging

3.1 Sparse flowers

During the flower thinning period, the inflorescence is appropriate, and some flower buds can also be removed during winter pruning. It should be grasped that the weak are left strong, and the inflorescences that are stunted, late flowering and too dense should be removed, so that the inflorescences are evenly distributed, and the principle of less retention in the periphery and more retention in the middle of the canopy is followed. Generally, the method of removing all the flowers of the entire inflorescence is adopted, and the number and spacing of the flowers can be determined according to the standard of fruit retention.

3.2 Fruit thinning

Fruit thinning operation is generally carried out 7 to 10 days after flowering, when the young fruit begins to expand significantly, and the sooner it is completed, the better. It is necessary to remove diseased and insect fruits, spherical fruits, crooked fruits and small fruits, and retain young fruits with long stems, large diameters, long round and positive fruit shapes, no diseases and insect pests, and no mechanical damage. The principles of fruit thinning include: strong branches stay more, weak branches stay less; Temporary branches remain more, permanent branches remain less; Plants with strong tree strength and high soil fertility have more fruit, and the top of the branches should not leave fruit. In addition, when thinning the fruit, attention should be paid to the use of thinning shears, and avoid pulling by hand, so as not to hurt the fruit table and retain the fruit. Each inflorescence leaves 1 fruit, and the spacing is 2 to 4 fruits. Specific fruit thinning methods include load method, leaf-fruit ratio method, branch-fruit ratio method and fruit spacing method.

3.3 Fruit bagging

Fruit bags should be selected after wind and rain is not easy to deform, not dewaxed, easy to dry after rain, with good antibacterial, insect-resistant and other properties, the inner layer is black, the outer layer is yellow double-layer bags. The bagging time is selected about 30 days after the flowers fall, avoiding the period when there is dew on the fruit surface and the hot sun, and the bagging is too early or too late, which cannot achieve the desired effect. Before bagging, be sure to spray the insecticidal and bactericidal mixture 1 dose, focusing on the fruit surface to kill the bacteria and pests on the fruit surface. The order of bagging should be first on the tree and then under the tree, to avoid the fruit falling, choose the fruit shape, large fruit, side fruit for bagging. After the set, use your hand to support the middle of the bottom of the bag to make the whole bag expand. Ensure that the young fruit is suspended in the bag, not attached to the wall of the bag, to prevent friction with the bag. When tying the mouth, it must be pinched to prevent pests such as bugs from entering the bag, so as to avoid contamination of the fruit by the secretions of bacteria and insects, resulting in rust and mold of the fruit.

4 Pest control

4.1 Chemical control

The use of chemical pesticides to control pear tree diseases and insect pests, although the effect is fast, the effect is remarkable, the use is convenient, not limited by regions and seasons, etc., but in order to meet the development needs of green food, the existing chemical control-based prevention and control measures should be changed, avoid the use of highly toxic, long residue cycle of pesticides, and advocate the use of low toxicity, high efficiency pesticides and biological pesticides. For example, the use of stone sulfur compounds, urea and other sterilization, insecticides or some insect growth regulators, and reduce the number of sprays and the repetition rate of drug use.

4.2 Physical control

With the continuous increase in people's demand for green pollution-free fruits, traditional chemical control can no longer meet the requirements of the development of the modern fruit industry. To this end, the author introduces 4 kinds of physical measures for the control of the main pests and diseases of pear trees. (1) The use of pest phototropism control, such as hanging black lights in orchards to control scarab beetles and other pests. (2) The use of pest color chromotropism control, such as the use of color trap plate to trap winged aphids, whiteflies and other pests. (3) The use of pest flavor control, such as the use of sweet and sour liquid to trap scarab beetles, leaf curling moths and other pests (can not use white sugar instead of brown sugar). (4) The use of pest attractants for control, such as the use of sexual attractants to trap peach small heartworms.

4.3 Biological control

Biological control methods include insect control, fungus and other organisms, such as the use of seven-star ladybirds to control aphids.

4.4 Agricultural control

During the winter freezing period, combined with the orchard clearing, the orchard is deeply turned, which can not only prevent the soil from compacting, but also effectively kill the eggs of some pests. In addition, the whitening treatment of the tree body can not only prevent frost damage, but also kill the insect eggs under the bark, effectively reducing the incidence base of diseases and insect pests in the following year.

5 Fertilizer water management

5.1 Fertilization management

5.1.1 Fertilization period and type of fertilization. Adult trees are generally fertilized 4 times a year, and can be applied appropriately according to factors such as tree size and tree potential.

The first time is pre-infancy. Apply 1 quick-acting fertilizer before germination, mainly nitrogen fertilizer (urea), with an appropriate amount of phosphate fertilizer (calcium superphosphate) to ensure that the nutrients required for the germination of fruit trees are sufficient. The second time is after the flower fall and the development of young fruits. It is generally carried out after the end of fruit thinning, and the multi-element compound fertilizer is mainly applied. If the nutrients cannot be increased in time, it is easy to cause physiological fruit drop, affecting the differentiation of flower buds and the growth and development of young fruits. The third time is the expansion of the fruit. The topdressing type should be based on potassium fertilizer (agricultural potassium chloride), with phosphate fertilizer (potassium dihydrogen phosphate) and nitrogen fertilizer (diammonium), which is conducive to increasing the number of fruits and improving the yield and quality. The fourth time is post-harvest topdressing. Fast-acting phosphate fertilizer (calcium superphosphate) is the mainstay, combined with an appropriate amount of nitrogen fertilizer (urea or diammonium, etc.), mixed with organic fertilizer to promote root growth, delay leaf aging, and enhance tree potential.

5.1.2 Fertilization methods. There are four main fertilization methods. (1) Radial furrow topdressing. The canopy projection edge is about 1/3 outward, and 4 to 8 radial trenches are dug, the ditch is 1 to 2 m long, the ditch is 30 to 40 cm wide, and the depth of the ditch is 20 to 25 cm. Fertilizer is applied to the ditch and then soil is covered and irrigated. In order to ensure that the soil fertility is balanced, the fertilization positions should be staggered every year. (2) Acupoint fertilization. In the position other than l m from the trunk, evenly dig 6 to 8 fertilization holes of about 50 cm deep and 30 to 40 cm wide, which not only expands the fertilization range, but also avoids damage to the root system, which is conducive to the nutrient absorption of the pear tree, and at the same time can save fertilizer and ensure uniform application. (3) Fertilize the whole garden. The root system of the adult pear orchard has been spread throughout the garden, and during this period, the fertilizer can be spread evenly throughout the garden, and then combined with deep ploughing into the soil. (4) Irrigated fertilization. Irrigated fertilization is suitable for adult and densely planted pear orchards with tree canopy contiguous, sprinkle fertilizer on the surface of the orchard, and then flood irrigate.

5.2 Irrigation management

Irrigation can be divided into 4 times a year: before and after budding to before flowering, after flowering, after fruit expansion, after harvest and before freezing. Special attention is paid to the irrigation of frozen water, the time is generally arranged before the soil is completely frozen, and the irrigation must be watered thoroughly and sufficiently. The irrigation of frozen water can promote the reserve of nutrients in pear trees, ensure the robustness of trees, and enhance their ability to resist frost and cold, so as to lay a good foundation for the smooth germination, flowering and fruiting of the following year. In addition, it should be noted that each irrigation must be thoroughly irrigated and increased or decreased according to factors such as tree species, tree age, phenology, intercropping, illuminance, wind and drought time.

6 Trimming

6.1 Tree type

The tree type selection is simple, practical, premature, abundant and stable for the purpose, and adheres to the principle of tree shape and garden shape. Due to the use of mesh cultivation mode in pear orchards, most of the tree types adopt natural happy shapes, which are low and well ventilated, and the management is more convenient.

6.2 Trimming

6.2.1 Pruning at the juvenile stage. In the young age of the golden pear tree, the manager needs to extend the trunk and shorten the main branch appropriately, promote the branching, and adjust the tree skeleton as soon as possible. Generally, the upper part of the trunk of the young tree is cut off, leaving a height of 70 to 90 cm, and then cultivating the backbone branches, leaving 3 main branches, paying attention to the master-slave relationship of each branch, and removing the long branches, over-dense intersecting branches and overlapping branches. According to the growth potential of the extended branches, the 3 main branches are pulled along the growth direction and the main trunk at an angle of 80° to 130 °, and the opening angle of the tree type is 60 ° to 70 °, so as to change the growth direction and growth potential of the golden pear tree. After pruning at the young age of the golden pear tree, a large number of axillary flower buds can be grown that year, thereby slowing down the growth trend and cultivating the fruit branch group, which is conducive to the early flowering and fruiting of the golden pear tree.

6.2.2 Pruning at the beginning of the fruiting stage. This period is mainly to complete the shaping, adjust the tree structure and growth, conducive to the formation of the upper fruit branch group, while the long branches, over-dense cross branches and overlapping branches are removed to achieve the effect of ventilation and light transmission. Twist the upright branches, so that the branches grow horizontally or downwards, transformed into fruiting branches, and can also be applied to pinch off the growth points, control growth, and achieve the effect of ventilation and light transmission. In addition, in order to promote early results, the fruiting branches can be pulled, more auxiliary branches can be retained, and the fruits of the auxiliary branches can be fully utilized to achieve the effect of growing and fruiting. To promote the formation of flower buds, vigorous branches can be circumcised, each with a width of 1 to 3 mm, which facilitates nutrient concentration.

6.2.3 Pruning at the peak of fruit. After the pear tree enters the full fruit stage, the tree type is basically formed, the tree posture is relatively stable, and the canopy is full. Pruning during this period can maintain the tree momentum, balance vegetative growth and reproductive growth, prolong the growth life of the branches, and achieve the purpose of high-quality yield increase. Control the height of the tree, drop the head at the right time, remove the long branches, replace the head of the tree with the main branch, and stimulate the local area with a short method to achieve the effect of new shoot germination.

6.2.4 Pruning during aging. At this time, it should be updated and rejuvenated in time, enhance the tree potential, and cultivate backbone branches and fruit branches, so as to achieve the purpose of extending the fruit life.

7 Benefit analysis

First, grid-based cultivation can reduce losses caused by natural disasters such as high winds. Second, the standardization of the management model greatly reduces the probability of occurrence of diseases and insect pests, improves the quality of fruit in pear orchards, increases the income of fruit farmers, and stimulates their enthusiasm for applying scientific management methods. Third, the application of grid cultivation reduces the height of the tree and expands the space for the application of mechanical operations, thereby reducing the investment of labor and funds. Fourth, it has enriched the resources of fruit trees in Ningyang County, changed the traditional planting management mode, and conformed to the current development direction of high yield, excellent yield and high efficiency, and has high promotion value. Fifth, the implementation of grid cultivation not only effectively protects the resources of pear trees, increases the introduction channels of new varieties and new technologies, but also improves the local ecological environment and produces good ecological benefits.

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