Nowadays, in China, the wave of ecological agriculture has also hit, and many regions have begun to do ecological agriculture. How to make the name ring, make the plate bigger, and make the pocket bulge has become a problem for many farmers to think about. Know yourself and know the other side, but you can never lose a battle, look at how other countries are doing ecology, maybe you will have some enlightenment.
1. The world's model of ecological agriculture - Mayan farm in the Philippines
The Philippines is one of the countries in Southeast Asia that started early and developed ecological agriculture, of which Mayan farms are the most representative. Located near Manila, the capital of the Philippines, Maya Farms began in the 1970s and after 10 years of construction, the farm's agroforestry, animal husbandry and by-fishery production formed a virtuous cycle of agro-ecosystem.
The Maya Farm was formerly a flour mill, and the operators established livestock farms and fish ponds to take full advantage of the large amount of bran produced by the flour mill; In order to increase the income of the farm, a meat processing and canning plant was established. As the farm grew, the owner opened up a 24-hectare hilly area and expanded its production to name it Mayan Farms.
In order to control manure pollution and recycle various wastes, Maya Farms has successively established more than a dozen biogas production workshops, producing more than 100,000 cubic meters of biogas every day, providing the energy needed for farm production and family life. In addition, some livestock feed can be recovered from the biogas residue after gas production, and the rest can be used as organic fertilizer. After the gas production, the biogas slurry is treated by the algae oxidation pond, sent to the pond for fish and duck farming, and finally the pond water and pond mud are taken to the fertilizer field. The grain produced in the farmland is sent to the flour mill for processing, and it enters another cycle.
Such a large-scale agricultural-industrial joint production enterprise does not need to buy raw materials, fuels and fertilizers from the outside, but can maintain high profits and is free of pollution from exhaust gas, waste water and waste residue. Such a production process is in line with ecological principles, rational use of resources, the full recycling of biological materials. In 1980, an international conference was held at the Mayan farm, and the participants spoke highly of the ecological farm.
2, lack of water and land can also do ecological water-saving Israeli ecological agriculture
Israel is a country with relatively poor agricultural natural resources, with more than half of the country's land located in arid and semi-arid areas, so land and freshwater resources are scarce. To solve this problem, Israel developed drip irrigation and other micro-irrigation technologies in the late 1950s, which greatly improved the utilization of water resources.
Water conservation has become the central task of its agricultural management, and the maximum economic benefits per unit of land area and unilateral water are the main goals of water-saving agricultural research and management. Crops, green trees, meadows, and flowers are almost all drip irrigation. Drip irrigation on time and amount of water and nutrients directly to the roots of the plant, to avoid the loss of water, can be a small amount of water to achieve the best effect, water, fertilizer utilization rate of up to 80 ~ 90%, water saving 50 ~ 70%, save fertilizer 30 ~ 50%.
At the same time, it prevents the occurrence of secondary salinization of the soil, saves the land occupation problem of traditional irrigation ditches, and doubles the yield per unit area.
In addition, Israel attaches importance to researching the use of wastewater for the recycling of agricultural irrigation. They passed the wastewater through different filtration devices to reduce its pollutant and bacterial content, so that the wastewater surface was a suitable source of water for irrigation. When irrigating, comprehensively consider the water quality, soil texture and state, formulate a reasonable irrigation strategy and method, and select suitable crops to facilitate the decomposition of substances in the water and avoid the pollution of groundwater quality.
With the help of scientific and technological means, Israeli water-saving agriculture not only ensures the quality and yield of agricultural products, but also improves the mechanization, intensification and scale of the whole process of agricultural production. To achieve a water-centered coordination relationship between field water-soil-crop-atmosphere system, maintain the balance of mutual transformation between precipitation, surface water, groundwater, soil water and crop water that is adapted to the requirements of agricultural production water, improve the water utilization rate of water source to crop yield conversion, and form the maximum optimization and utilization of the agricultural ecological environment.
3. Rigorous Germans Strict German ecological agriculture
Germany has the concept of ecological agriculture as early as 1924, just like the rigorous style of the Germans, Germany's requirements for ecological agriculture are also quite strict: do not use chemically synthesized pesticides, herbicides, but use beneficial natural enemies or mechanical weeding methods;
Do not use soluble chemical fertilizers, but use organic or long-lasting fertilizers; Use of humus to maintain soil fertility; Planting in rotation or intercropping; Plant growth regulators that do not use chemical synthesis; Control of livestock capacity in pastures; Animals are raised with natural feed; Do not use antibiotics; No transgenic technology is used.
On 21 June 1991, the European Union issued the Regulations on Agroecology and the Production of Corresponding Agricultural Products, which clearly states that the production of ecological products must comply with the standards of the International Association for Ecological Agriculture (FOAM), such as how the product is produced, which substances are allowed to be used and which substances are not. In the production process, the raw materials used in ecological products must be ecological.
The additional materials used, if they must be used in the production process, are allowed to be part of the additional materials from traditional agricultural products, but not higher than 25%. Once traditional agricultural additives have been used, the proportion of use should be indicated in the product. Only more than 95% of the additives are ecologically derived and can be sold as purely ecological products.
The standards of the German Association for Raw Agriculture (AGOEL) are higher than those of the European Union's "Ecological Regulations". If a company wants to join AGOEL and sell its products as ecological products, it must undergo 3 years of complete adjustment. The testing center authorized by the state shall inspect the enterprises that apply for transfer to ecological agricultural production at least once a year. In addition, spot checks can also be carried out from time to time.
If the inspection is unqualified, the adjustment period should be extended. In addition, the German Ministry of Agriculture also sets up the Ecological Agriculture Award every year, which rewards enterprises that have made outstanding contributions to the improvement of ecological agriculture and the development of product technology, with a total prize of 25,000 euros, which is enough to see the German government's strong promotion and support for ecological agriculture.
4. See how Japan, a neighboring country with water, does ecological agriculture
The concept of ecological agriculture in Japan began in the 1970s, and the development of ecological agriculture has undergone a process of emphasizing the quality and safety of agricultural products (processed products), the quality preservation of agricultural ecological environment, and achieving sustainable development.
Due to Japan's limited agricultural resources, the forms of ecological agriculture in Japan are often adapted to local conditions and diverse. The main ones are: First, the recycling type. That is, by making full use of the organic resources of the land, the agricultural waste is recycled and the environmental load is reduced. For example, the livestock manure is stacked and fermented and returned to the field as fertilizer, and the reclaimed water obtained after the sewage is treated for agricultural irrigation, etc., which are measures to make full use of agricultural renewable resources.
Second, organic agriculture. That is, in the production, we do not use organisms and their products obtained through genetic engineering, do not use chemically synthesized pesticides, fertilizers, growth regulators, feed additives and other substances, but follow the laws of nature and ecological principles, coordinate the balance of planting and aquaculture, and adopt a series of sustainable agricultural technologies to maintain the continuous stability of the agricultural production process.
Its main measures are: the selection of resistant crop varieties, the use of straw return to the field, the application of green manure and animal manure and other measures to fertilize the soil, to maintain nutrient circulation; Adopt physical and biological measures to control pests and diseases; Adopt reasonable farming measures to protect the environment, prevent soil erosion, and maintain the genetic diversity of the production system and the surrounding environment;
Third, rice farming - livestock production - aquatic products trinity. That is, while planting rice, raising ducks, raising fish and breeding nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria in paddy fields, a sustainable development model of paddy field ecological cycle of rice, livestock and aquatic products is formed.
This model of practice is to start raising ducks in the early stages of rice planting, after the seedlings grow up, the insects, weeds, etc. that appear in the field provide feed for the ducks, and the manure of the ducks is used as fertilizer for the seedlings, which can also provide food sources for red worms, earthworms, water fleas and plankton in the paddy field, and at the same time provide bait for fish, etc., thus achieving ecological circulation.
Fourth, livestock and poultry - rice cultivation - biogas type. That is, in the process of raising livestock such as ducks and cattle, farmers use animal manure as raw materials for the production of biogas. At the same time, the straw of crops is processed to feed livestock and poultry, or as a raw material for biogas, which in turn can provide heat for greenhouse crops. In this way, the ecological balance is achieved through energy conversion, and the crops produced are more environmentally friendly and can achieve economic benefits.
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