Tubular flower subfamily - Spiral Flower Family (IV): Reed Grass
17. Reed valley grass genus
Pentanema is a genus of Asteraceae that is an annual or perennial herb. There are more than 10 species in this genus, mainly distributed in southern and southwestern Asia and tropical Africa. There are 3 species on the mainland, distributed in the southwest and western Tibet.
(1) Morphological characteristics
Annual or perennial herb. The stem is erect, multi-branched from the base, often glandular, and covered with rough, soft or cotton wool. The leaves are alternate, fully margined or toothed, often heart-shaped at the base, and half-embraced stems. Cephalic inflorescences are small or small, solitary at the end of the branches, or axillary with fine inflorescence stems opposite the leaves, each with most heterogeneous florets, hermaphroditic plants, with 1-2 layers of female flowers on the periphery, most hermaphroditic flowers in the center, or sometimes only homomorphic hermaphroditic flowers, all bear fruit. The total bracts are broad bell-shaped or hemispherical; The total bracts are multi-layered, shingled in a row, the outer layer is gradually narrowed, the edges are dry membranous, and the inner layer is dry membranous. The flowers are flattened or slightly raised, without hairs. Female corolla is tongue-shaped, with a narrow tongue and 2-3 teeth at the apex; The corolla is tubular, yellow, slender, slightly wider in the upper part, with 5 lobes at the apex. The anther base is arrow-shaped, with a slender tail and a slightly pointed upper end. The peduncle branches are slightly flattened and the upper end is wider, blunt or truncated. Crown hairs 5 to most, 1 layer, very slender, sometimes doped with very tiny diaphragms or coarse hairs, tongue-like flowers with or without crown hairs. The fruit is nearly cylindrical or slightly quadrangular, ribbed or ribbed, rounded at the apex, narrow at the base, and often hairy.
(2) Reed valley grass
Pentanema indicum is a plant in the genus Asteraceae. There are 14 species in the genus, distributed in Asia and Africa. In The Honghe District of Yunnan Province, it is commonly known as grass jinsha and hemostatic herb, and medicinal whole grass stops bleeding.
18. Genus Flea
Flea ( scientific name : Pulicaria ) is a genus of a genus in the family Asteraceae that is an annual or perennial , coated herb. There are about 50 species in the genus, mainly in the Mediterranean region and tropical Africa, and a smaller number in southern Africa, northern Europe, Central Asia, Western Asia, India and western China. There are 6 species in China, and there are also cultivated species. The type species of this genus is flea grass (P. prostrata (Gilib.) Ascher ）。
The genus has large variations, herbaceous or shrubs, and large or small cephalic inflorescences. It is usually divided into different groups according to the structure of the crown hair, but the relationship between some groups is not clear and may be divided into different genera.
(1) Morphological characteristics
Annual or perennial herbaceous or subshrub with soft hairs (few cotton wool and hairless). The stems are often erect and multi-branched. The leaves are alternate, fully margined, marginally wavy or with shallow teeth, often heart-shaped at the base, and half-embraced stems. Cephalic inflorescences are solitary, or arranged in a total or conical arrangement at the stem or branch end, each with most heterogeneous florets, radial or near-discoid, with 1-2 layers of female flowers on the periphery and most amphoteric flowers in the center, all of which bear fruit.
Total bracts hemispherical or broad bell-shaped; Total bracts are multi-layered, tile-like arrangement, or 2-3 layers, how much equal length, narrow and tapering; Outer grassy or marginal membranous, inner dry membranous. The flowers are flattened or slightly raised, how honeycomb-like, without hairs. Female corolla is tongue-shaped, with a narrow, long, unfolded, or very small and erect, apex with 2-3 teeth, yellow, or sometimes no tongue; Amphoteric corolla tubular, broader in the upper part, yellow, with 5 short lobes. The anthers are narrow and long, with a short lanceolate upper end, an arrow-shaped base, and a slender, tapering tail. The peduncle branches are narrow and long, slightly flattened, slightly wider in the upper part, and blunt at the apex. Crown hair white, 2 layers; The outer layer is extremely short, patchy, 5 or most, separated or somewhat combined into a torn or toothed crown ring, often in residence; The inner layer is 5 or most, long, hairy, rough hairy, or pinnate, often easy to fall off. The fruit is cylindrical, or ribbed, glabrous or densely hairy.
(2) Flea grass
Flea grass ( scientific name : Pulicaria prostrata ) is a plant of the genus Asteraceae. It grows in meadows , sand , ditches and roadsides. It is found in western and northern Xinjiang (Altay) and may also exist in Heilongjiang. It is widely distributed throughout Mongolia, the Soviet Union (east to west of Siberia, Central Asia), Iran, and europe.
Flea grass was previously used in Europe as an herb to treat red diarrhea, and its efficacy is similar to that of anti-diarrhea flea grass P. dysenterica Gaertn. Same.
(3) Golden Fairy Grass
Golden Immortal Grass (scientific name: Pulicaria chrysantha) is a plant of the genus Asteraceae, endemic to China. It grows in subalpine or alpine meadows or forest edges at altitudes of 2500-3000 m. Harvest in summer and autumn, wash, cut into sections and dry. It is produced in the northwest, west and southwest of Sichuan (Wenchuan, Heishui, Malkang, Miyaro, Muli, Daocheng), and specimens have also been collected in Guangxi.
This type was once included in the spiral flower group of the genus Spinosa. Inula, but its crown hairs apparently have 2 layers, the outer layer consists of 5-6 or more diaphragms, and the inner layer has 10-20 long hairs with micro-teeth and a slightly pinnate upper part, which is consistent with the characteristics of flea grass. The base of this stem has clusters of buds covered with soft hairs, which are very similar to the next one, and seem to be suitable for reclassification in the genus Flea grass. From the structure of the crown hair and the shape of the leaves, there are two types of this type, which are often not easy to distinguish in appearance, so they are temporarily used as variants.
19. Bulbophyllum
Tugarinovia is a genus of perennial herbs in the family Asteraceae. The genus is found only one species, Tugarinovia mongolica, which is found in central Inner Mongolia and southern Mongolia, China. This genus is endemic to the Alashan Desert in China and also to the Mongolian Plateau. Pinnate lobes with spines at the apex and petioles with enlarged cotton-like fur at the base, crowns with 5-toothed appendages at the base of the peduncle surrounded the ovary, and thin grooves and glabrous fruit are the main features of the genus.
The genus is a dual species, taxonomically isolated taxa, an evolutionary system of both ancient and evolutionary taxa, ecologically xerophytes, the vast majority of which are desert species, and their living shrubs and semi-shrubs predominate.
(1) Morphological characteristics
It is a low, perennial herb with a leafy stem. The leaves are dense, leathery at the base of the stem, with pinnate lobes with thorns at the apex and petioles with expanded cotton-like fur at the base. The cephalic inflorescence is slightly smaller, solitary at the end of the stem, often drooping, with mostly homomorphic hermaphroditic flowers, discoid. Total bracts inverted oval; The total bracts are multi-layered, the outer layer is broad, leafy, green, with apical spines and barbed teeth, and the inner layer is shorter, lanceolate, with apical spines. Flower topping, no torso. The florets are all tubular, brownish yellow, with five lobes at the upper end. The anthers are pointed at the upper end and have a long tail with a filamentous full margin at the base; Filigree is hairless. The peduncle branches are sharp and pointed, short, with vesicular protrusions on the outside and smooth on the inside; The base of the peduncle is surrounded by a crown with 5 teeth on the ovary. Crown hairs have a few unequal lengths, and the upper end is thicker and slightly prickly, and it is easy to disperse the hairs that fall off. The lean fruit has a fine groove and is hairless.
(2) Leather bud chrysanthemum
Tugarinovia mongolica is a species in the genus Asteraceae. The species name mongolica means Mongolian. It is found in China and southern Mongolia; In China, it is distributed in central Inner Mongolia under the Banner of Dalhan Maoming'an United Banner of Ulanchabu League, the Middle Banner of Urat and Houqi of Bayannaoer League, and Jiekou County. It grows at an altitude of 1000-1200 m on top of stony mounds or gravel slopes, in Inner Mongolia, China, mainly in desert grasslands and desert areas in the northwest. It is a strongly xerophytic plant with an annual precipitation of 80-250 mm in its growth area. In desert grasslands , it is mainly associated with small echidna communities , often scattered in the upper parts of gravel slopes. In the desert, it grows on top of stony remnant mounds and can form small local clusters of gerry.
Listed in the Red List of Biodiversity of China - Higher Plants Volume (September 2, 2013) - No Hazard (LC). Listed in "China's National Key Protected Plants" - Grade II. Listed on the IUCN Red List, the level of protection is Vulnerable (VU).
20. Contains bracts
The genus Symphyllocarpus ( scientific name : Symphyllocarpus ) is a genus of the Asteraceae family. Only one. The shape of the genus Melampodineaeo, a genus of centipede that resembles the genus Centipedo in the chamomile family, was once included in the sunflower family, and the structure of the flowers indicates that this genus should be listed near the Filagineae of the subfamily Phylum of the family, but in terms of the characteristics of the thin fruit of the female flower and the joint pallet, the whole plant is hairless, etc., it is significantly different from the genera of the phylum subfamily.
(1) Morphological characteristics
Annual herb. Hairless. The stem is slender, with short, bifidous inflorescence branches, and the lower leaves wither during the flowering period. The leaves are alternate, toothed or fully margined, lanceolate or linear lanceolate. The cephalic inflorescence is small, sessile, 2-4 densely packed in the axils of the branches in a ball, surrounded by pairs of bracts and rotunda, each with most heterogeneous florets, discoid, with multiple layers of female flowers on the periphery, and a few amphoteric flowers in the center, all of which bear fruit.
The total bracts are hemispherical, about the same length as the florets; The total bracts are about two layers, ovoid, prismatic, lanceolate, membranous, transparent at the edges, with fine teeth and an apex tip. Flower tropine, with a tray between the female flowers on the periphery; The lower part of the support is joined with the ovary, the upper part is detached, folded, membranous, about the same length as the corolla, and the center is free of the support between the amphoteric flowers. The female corolla is thin, filamentous, with a tongue with 3 teeth, with one tooth longer; Peduncle 2 lobes, branched linearly, blunt or slightly pointed at the apex, with papillary hairs;
Amphoteric corolla tubular, short bell-shaped upper part, with 4 lobes; Stamens 4; The upper end of the anther is blunt, without appendages; The peduncle branches are stubby and short, with blunt apexes. The fruit is cylindrical, stalked, with a corolla at the upper end, covered with unfolded, two-pronged and innerly rolled sparse glandular hairs, and the upper end of the hairs are long and erect like crown hairs.
(2) Contains bracts
Bracts ( scientific name : Symphyllocarpus exilis ) is a plant of the genus Asteraceae. It grows in silt, oblivion, shoals or riverbanks. It is found in the Songhua River and Ussuri River basins of Heilongjiang and Jilin. It is also found in the Russian Far East.
According to the original records, this plant is only a few centimeters to more than ten centimeters tall, and there are few branches. Specimens from Heilongjiang (Harbin Shuidianzi next to the wetland) are vigorously developed plants, up to 30 cm tall, with a short main stem, starting from the lower part and having repeated long branches in the upper part. The flowers are bluish yellow and surrounded by dense leaves at the ends of the branches, resembling the bracts of the genus Edelweiss.
Listed on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN) – Near Threatened (NT).
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