The ecological characteristics of the breeding of poultry in the understory black-boned chickens are selected to select a suitable woodland environment
Native to Yanwangpi Village, Wushan West, Taihe County, Jiangxi Province, China, the black-boned chicken is a rare bird with special economic value in China's livestock and poultry gene bank. Black bone chicken is one of the ancient chicken breeds in China, with foreign chicken breeds can not reach the excellent traits, not only the appearance of strange and beautiful, but also has a gentle temperament, not good leap, good nesting, fast growth and development before and after the slow and other characteristics, set medicinal, nutritional and ornamental value in one, is China's unique medicinal rare birds. The use of black-boned chicken to treat diseases is a unique method in China. In the book "Dietary Therapy Materia Medica" written by Meng Xie in the Tang Dynasty, there are already processing methods for the treatment of new maternal diseases with black-boned chickens. At present, the market sells the gynecological medicine "Black Bone Chicken White Phoenix Pill" formulated with Taihe black bone chicken as the main raw material, which has won the national award and sold well at home and abroad. In addition, the "black bone chicken supplemental wine" brewed by Taihe Distillery in Taihe County, Jiangxi Province, is listed as a national gift wine and is famous at home and abroad. The main active ingredient of black-boned chicken is anchoxylate (kinsenoside). Relevant studies have shown that anchovylate has hepatoprotective and hypoglycemic effects, but the mechanism of action has not been clarified. In addition, black bone chicken also contains flavonoids, polysaccharides, volatile compounds, alkaloids, terpenes, steroids and rich in glycosides. In terms of biological activity, black bone chicken mainly has hypoglycemia, blood pressure, anti-fat, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, liver protection, kidney protection, immunomodulation, anticonvulsant, sedative and anti-tumor and other effects, commonly used in black bone chicken soup, with the effect of enhancing resistance; black bone chicken can be made into medicinal food ointment by special "food processing", which can be applied to sub-healthy patients, seriously ill patients auxiliary treatment and post-illness rehabilitation, with tonic health care effect. In addition, the color and taste of black bone chicken are excellent, and with the combination of common ingredients such as kuding tea, monk fruit, licorice, white chrysanthemum and hawthorn, a new type of health food that lowers the "three highs" can be developed, health supplements that assist in lowering blood sugar and solid drinks that improve metabolic dysfunction.
In addition to having special medicinal and food effects, black-bone chicken is also an important raw material for other pharmaceutical-related industries, such as eggs can be used to make protein silver, tannic acid protein, extract lecithin and manufacture various biological drugs; after slaughter, scraps can be comprehensively utilized, such as bile can be used as a biological reagent for refining chicken bile salts, and the ovaries can produce ovarian powder and estrogens. In addition, chicken down is also a raw material for the textile industry, and chicken manure can be recycled into feed and fertilizer. In recent years, China has vigorously carried out the excavation and collation of the resources of the black-bone chicken breed, and the research on the black-bone chicken has also reflected an unprecedented development momentum. At present, the production base of black-bone chicken is mainly distributed in the southern provinces of China, and some areas in the north are also raised.
1。 Biological characteristics
(1) Morphological characteristics
The black-boned chicken (also known as the bamboo wire chicken) is an omnivorous domestic chicken. The black-boned chicken is short, with a small head and a short neck, and the skin, muscles, bones, and most of the internal organs are black. Due to the different breeding environments, the characteristics of black-boned chickens are also different, including white feathers and black bones, black feathers and black bones, black bones and black meat, white meat and black bones. The most common black-bone chicken, full of white feathers, has the reputation of "black chicken white phoenix", in addition to the two wing feathers, the hairs of other parts are like velvet, there is a handful of fine hairs on the head, the bones are black, and even the mouth, skin, and flesh are black.
(2) Physiological characteristics
Black-boned chickens are small in size and grow slowly, generally weighing about 750g for 90 days. Adult roosters weigh 1300 - 1500g, adult hens weigh 1000 - 1250g. Roosters are 150-160 days old. The hen is 170-180 days old, lays 120-150 eggs per year, weighs about 40g, the eggshell is light white, the egg shape is small and normal, and the egg shape index is about 74. Hens have a strong nesting nature, and in natural conditions, they generally nest once every 10-12 eggs are laid, and each time they nest for more than 15 days. The incubation period for eggs is 21 days.
(3) Life habits
Black-boned chickens are docile in temperament and like to live in groups. Like to eat whole grains, eat less, eat less and eat more meals. Heat resistant, prefer dry and clean environment. Timid and afraid of shock, afraid of cold, afraid of dampness.
(1) Adaptability Adult chickens have strong adaptability to the environment and have fewer diseases, but the young chicks are small, weak in physique, and poor resistance to stress, and in the past, people generally believed that they were susceptible to disease, death and difficult to raise. After years of selective breeding research and improvement of breeding management technology level. The brooding rate, fertility rate and breeding chicken survival rate are all about 95010.
(2) Timidity and fear of fright The black-boned chicken is timid, and as soon as there is abnormal movement, it will cause the chickens to be frightened, affecting growth and development and egg laying. Therefore, a quieter breeding environment should be created.
(3) Strong social habitation The black-boned chicken has an extremely mild temperament and is not good at fighting, but it is best to raise the male and female groups and the size of the group so that the chickens grow and develop evenly and neatly.
(4) Good at walking and moving The black-boned chicken is good at walking and moving, but the ability to fly is poor, and the management is convenient. Generally, ground leveling or netping is generally used.
(5) General corn, rice, barley, wheat, bran bran, and green feed can be fed, but attention should be paid to the full price of feed, which is conducive to the growth and development of chickens and the improvement of reproductive performance.
(6) Strong nesting is the instinct to breed offspring, and black-boned chickens have strong nesting.
2． Species of black-boned chicken
The main types of black-boned chickens are silk feather black-bone chicken, Yu Gan (dry) black-bone chicken, Umeng black-bone chicken, Muchuan black-bone chicken, Dehua black chicken and so on.
Production technology process:
1． Woodland selection
In order to ensure the quality of the black-boned chickens raised, it is necessary to provide good breeding grounds. Selection criteria for woodland: flat highlands or gentle slopes, well-drained, well-lit, well-ventilated grass slopes, woodlands and orchards. The shade of the forest should be more than 70%, so as to ensure that the chickens can have shade when the sun is strong and prevent heat stroke. Good isolation conditions, selected ground spacing. It is more than 1 km away from trunk roads, other livestock and poultry farms, villages and towns, and settlements. Away from pollution sources, there are no large chemical plants, garbage or mining plants within 3 km of the chicken farm. The prohibited area is the source of domestic drinking water and the upstream of the food factory. So as not to cause pollution; it is forbidden to build in scenic spots, nature reserves and areas where national or local laws and regulations do not permit.
2． Chicken farm layout
(1) Implement the principle of isolation of breeding areas, isolation areas and living areas. The living area should be located in the upwind direction of the breeding area. The breeding area should be located in the upwind direction of the sewage, manure and sick and dead chicken treatment area. Feed passages are built in the breeding area to separate the dirty and clean channels. The breeding area has a separate isolation area as an emergency treatment area. Each area should have a conspicuous boundary isolation marker.
(2) Corresponding disinfection facilities and locker rooms are set up at the population department of the breeding area to ensure disinfection before entering the breeding area and change clothes in and out.
(3) The isolation area is equipped with a veterinary room, a sick chicken isolation room, and a pollution-free treatment facility for sewage and waste.
(4) The stocking area should be set up with separation net bars and fixed feeding tanks, drinking fountains and other supplementary feeding facilities.
(5) The chicken coop should have good drainage, heat preservation, ventilation, insect prevention, bird and animal prevention facilities and corresponding cleaning and disinfection facilities and equipment. The floor and walls of the house should be easy to clean and disinfect, resistant to abrasion, acid and alkali. The wall surface is not easy to fall off, and does not contain toxic and harmful substances. It is necessary to maintain the appropriate humidity of the chicken coop (usually 55% - 77%), and to do a good job of moisture protection in the chicken coop to reduce the probability of infection with mold diseases, parasites and E. coli disease in the flock.
3． Chicken coop construction
Build a simple chicken coop in the forest to ensure that the chickens rest during the stocking period. The simple coop in the forest should be built on a higher and drier slope or flat land, using bamboo or wood, according to 5-7 pigeons/II12. The chicken coop is surrounded by grass curtains to shield the wind and rain, and has a vent, so that it is safe, firm, can be opened, can be closed, easy for chicken rest and management. To build a chicken coop on flat ground, the chicken coop should ensure a suitable height of more than 100 crn from the ground, and build a passage to facilitate the entry and exit of chickens and night management.
4． Stocking under the forest
Key points of forest stocking technology:
(1) Inspection of stocking sites Prepare feeding tanks, drinking fountains and feeds, and disinfect the surrounding area of the house, free-range woodland, chicken coops, production tools, etc. 1-2 weeks before stocking.
(2) Screening of chickens to be stocked to eliminate sick, weak, and stump individuals.
(3) Adapt to the flock of chickens to be stocked before stocking Can be used to induce feed to make the chickens develop the habit of entering and leaving the chicken coop at a fixed time, and then carry out stocking.
(4) The number of stocking and the interval time Usually the stocking under the forest is 50-100 birds/mu, and each flock of chickens is suitable for 500-1000 birds. In order to ensure the quality and effect of breeding, the method of male and female group feeding and partition rotation is adopted, and the breeding interval time is determined according to the number of breeding and the site, and the interval between the two batches of chickens is usually 2-3 months.
(5) Feed supply The brooding stage is mainly based on feeding full-price materials, using 24h feeding and water supply to allow chickens to eat freely; after 30 days of breeding, gradually add crushed corn, rice and other feed raw grains, and start to enter the activity field for stocking training on sunny days. The average weight of the chicks reaches about '750g and gradually replaces farm feeds such as sweet potatoes, rice, corn, potatoes, bran, etc. In order to improve the digestion and utilization rate of raw grain feed and promote weight gain, it is advisable to cook mixed feed supplemental feeding. Supplementary feeding is mainly based on early and late supplementary feeding, and feed is appropriately supplemented. Supplementary feeding should be concentrated in the chicken coop, and the feed is put in the feed bucket to reduce waste. Timed, quantitative feeding, not arbitrarily changed, can enhance the chicken's conditioned reflexes. Summer and autumn feed less, spring and winter feed more, every morning, evening feeding once, when changing feed to ensure a 3-day transition period.
(6) Drinking water supply should be sufficient The activity space of free-range chickens is large, because there are few natural water sources in the wild, it is necessary to ensure sufficient and hygienic water supply within the scope of chicken activities, especially in summer.
(7) Strict prevention of poisoning and animal pests Spraying of pesticides should be prohibited around the free-range chicken stocking grounds. If the chicken is poisoned, it should be treated in time, especially when stocked near the farmland. Stocked in orchards, if the orchard has been sprayed with pesticides and applied chemical fertilizers, it needs to be released at intervals of more than 7 days (5 days when it rains). In addition, predators and animal pests such as weasels, eagles, wild cats, etc. should be prevented.
(8) Do a good job of inspection when feeding, find and treat sick and dead chickens in time, and clean up fecal sewage in time. Use 0. 5% peracetic acid and other disinfectants spray disinfect the environment, chicken body surface, and utensils, and prohibit idle people from entering and leaving the chicken coop.
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【Native chicken brother】Ningxia mountain area put pension hens, black-bone chicken, net weight: about 1000 grams / only ¥130 to buy
5． Disease control
(1) Chick stage
In the chick stage, the prevention of infectious diseases, respiratory and digestive tract diseases and coccidiosis is mainly carried out, and the immune system is implemented without epidemic injections according to the immunization procedure, or the preventive drugs are mixed into drinking water (or mixed with human feed) to take.
(1) Prevention of infectious diseases 26-28 days old, eye drops, nose 1 drop of bursal poisoning seedlings; 28 -30 days old, intramuscular injection of Xincheng vaccine or put into drinking water immunization; 30-35 days old, use laryngotracheitis weak toxin seedlings eye drops, nose; 35 - 40 days old, . Each chicken is injected with avian influenza inactivated vaccine subcutaneously or intramuscularly in the chest. Before using the vaccine, pay attention to check the date of manufacture, expiration date, and whether there is damage.
(2) Prevention of respiratory and digestive tract diseases Penicillin, levofloxacin and other drugs are selected.
(3) Prevention of coccidiosis Mainly use drugs such as coccidioid ammonia, Aimeqing or Suan to carry out 1-2 times of prevention. Take the drug for 4-5 days at a time, stop the drug for 3-4 days, and then change the type of medication to take the drug again.
(2) Stocking stage
Stocking I is about 5 days, the first deworming is carried out, and the second deworming is carried out 20-30 days apart.
Probiotic preparations such as bifidobacteria and yeast are selected to balance the microbial population in the chicken body to achieve the effect of disease prevention. Early adaptation can be added to the feed. After the emergence of diseased chickens in the later stage, Chinese herbal medicine and immunoglobulin therapy can also be selected.