The Nazi Gestapo captured 15-year-old Jewish diarist Anne Frank and her family in a closed area of an Amsterdam warehouse, based on informants' clues. In 1942, franks took refuge here for fear of being deported to Nazi concentration camps. Together with another Jewish family and a Jewish man, they occupied this small space and received help from Christian friends who brought them food and supplies. Anne spent most of her time writing a diary in so-called "secret attachments." The diary survived the war and was discovered by the Gestapo, but Anne and almost everyone else were killed in Nazi death camps.
1940 Anne Frank
Annelies Mariae Frank was born on June 12, 1929 in Frankfurt am Main, Germany. She was the second daughter of Otto Frank and Edith Frank-Hollander, both Jewish families who had lived in Germany for centuries. With the rise of Nazi leader Adolf Hitler in 1933, Otto's family moved to Amsterdam to escape the escalating Nazi persecution of Jews. In the Netherlands, he runs a successful spice and jam business. Anne attended Montessori School with other dutch middle-class children, but with the German invasion of the Netherlands in 1940, she was forced to transfer to a Jewish school. In 1942, Otto began arranging a hiding place in the outbuilding of his warehouse on the Prinsengracht in Amsterdam.
Anne Frank in December 1941
In 1942, on Anne's 13th birthday, she began writing a diary about her daily experiences, her relationships with family and friends, and her observations of the increasingly dangerous world around her. Less than a month later, Anne's sister Margot was informed to report to the Nazi "work camp." Fearing deportation to Nazi concentration camps, Frank's family took refuge the next day in a secret annex. A week later, Otto Frank's business partners and his family joined them. In November, a Jewish dentist — the eighth resident of the hideout — joined the group.
1939 Photograph of Anne Frank
For two years, Anne has been documenting her hidden life in a diary full of bitterness, humor and insight. The entrance to the secret annex was hidden by a hinged bookcase, and former employees of Otto and other Dutch friends provided them with high-risk food and supplies. Anne and the others lived in rooms with windows obscured and never flushed the toilet during the day for fear that their presence would be discovered. In June 1944, the Allied landings in Normandy lifted Anne's spirits, and she hoped that the long-awaited liberation of the Netherlands would soon begin.
On August 1, 1944, Anne wrote her last article in her diary. Three days later, with the arrival of the Nazi Gestapo, the 25-month retreat ended. Anne and the others were sent away by an unknown informant who was arrested along with two Christians who helped shelter them.
They were sent to concentration camps in the Netherlands, and in September Anne and most others were sent to Auschwitz in Poland. In the autumn of 1944, as the Soviet Union proceeded to liberate Poland, Anne and her sister Margot were transferred to the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in Germany. In February 1945, the two sisters suffered from the harsh conditions of the concentration camp and contracted typhus and died in February 1945. Within two months, the camp was liberated by the British.
Otto Frank was the only one of 10 people to survive a Nazi death camp. After the war, he returned to Amsterdam via Russia and was reunited with Miep Gies, one of the former employees who had helped him shelter. She handed him Anne's diary, which she found uninterrupted after the Nazi raid.
In 1947, Anne's diary was published by Otto in Dutch. The Diary of Anne Frank, a bestseller and eventually translated into more than 70 languages, has become a literary testimony to nearly 6 million Jews, including Anne herself, who was silenced in the Holocaust.
The Frank family's xanadu at 263 Prinsengracht in Amsterdam originated when it opened as a museum in 1960. A new English translation of Anne Frank's Diary in 1995 restored the edited material from the original version, making the work nearly a third longer.
He was a German-Dutch diary writer of Jewish descent. One of the most discussed Jewish victims of the Holocaust, she was posthumously ignited by the 1947 publication of The Diary of a Young Girl (originally HetAchterhuis in Dutch). "Back house"; English: Secret Annex), which documents her life in hiding from 1942 to 1944 during the German occupation of the Netherlands during World War II. It is one of the most famous books in the world and has become the basis for several plays and films.
Anne was born in Frankfurt, Germany. In 1934, at the age of four and a half, after Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party took control of Germany, her family moved to Amsterdam, the Netherlands. She spends most of her time in or around Amsterdam. By May 1940, the Franks were trapped in Amsterdam as a result of the German occupation of the Netherlands. Anne lost her German citizenship in 1941 and became stateless. As persecution of the Jewish population intensified in July 1942, they took refuge in a hidden room behind a bookcase in the building where Anne's father, Otto Frank, worked. Until her family was arrested by the police by the Gestapo on August 4, 1944, Anne kept the diary she received as a birthday present and wrote regularly in it.
After their arrest, the Franks were sent to concentration camps. On 1 November 1944,[2] Anne and her sister Margot were transferred from Auschwitz to Bergen-Belsen, where they died a few months later (possibly from typhus). The Red Cross initially estimated their deaths in March, and Dutch authorities set March 31 as the official date. Later studies showed they died in February or early March.
Otto, the only survivor of the Frank family, returned to Amsterdam after the war to find Anne's diary preserved by his secretary, Mipugis. He decided to fulfill Anne's greatest wish to become a writer and published her diary in 1947. It was originally translated into Dutch and first published in English in 1952 as Diary of a Young Girl, which has since been translated into more than 70 languages.
Anne Frank's birthplace, the Michael Red Cross Clinic
Cause of death speculation
In early 1945, typhus spread in concentration camps, killing 17,000 prisoners. Other diseases, including typhoid fever, are rampant. Due to these chaotic circumstances, it is not possible to determine the specific cause of Anne's death; However, there is evidence that she died of the epidemic. Gina Tugel, a survivor of Bergen Belson, met Anne Frank at the camp. In 2015, Tegel told The Sun: "Her bed is just around my corner. She's delirious, horrible, and burning," adding that she had brought Frank water to wash.
Tugel, who works at the camp hospital, said the typhus outbreak in the camp took terrible toll on prisoners: "People died like flies — there were hundreds of people. There have been reports in the past — 500 deaths. 300 people? We said, 'Thank God, there are only 300.' ’”
Witnesses later testified that Margot had fallen from her bunk in a weak state and had been electrocuted to death. Anne died the next day in Margot. The exact date of Margot and Anne's deaths is not recorded. It has long been thought that their deaths occurred a few weeks before british soldiers liberated the camp on 15 April 1945, but 2015 research suggests they may have died as early as February.
Among other evidences, witnesses recalled that franks developed symptoms of typhus before Feb. 7, and Dutch health authorities reported that most untreated victims of typhus died within 12 days of the first onset of symptoms. In addition, Hanneli Goslar said her father, HansGoslar, died a week or two after they first met; Hans died on 25 February 1945. After the war, it is estimated that only 5,000 of the 107,000 Jews who were expelled from the Netherlands between 1942 and 1944 survived. An estimated 30,000 Jews remained in the Netherlands, many of whom were helped by Dutch underground organizations. About two-thirds of this group survived the war.
Otto Frank survived Auschwitz. After the war, he returned to Amsterdam in June 1945 and searched for his family under the patronage of Jan and MiepGies. He learned of the death of his wife Edith on his journey to Amsterdam, but still hoped his daughters would survive. A few weeks later, he discovered that Margot and Anne were also dead. He tries to determine the fate of his daughter's friend and learns that many have been murdered. Sanne Ledermann, often mentioned in Anne's diary, was poisoned along with her parents; Her sister Barbara Ledermann, a close friend of Margot's, survived. Several of frank sisters' school friends survived, as did Otto and Edith Frank's extended family as they fled Germany in the mid-1930s, with individual family members settling in Switzerland, Britain, and the United States.