On July 11, the Wuhan Wuchang District Health Bureau reported on the handling of a cholera case at Wuhan University. (Previously reported: Official notification: Wuhan University has a case of cholera, the condition has been controlled) In response to social concerns, Wuhan University answered reporters' questions on the relevant situation of the case through the official public account.
According to Wuhan University, the case was a graduate student of Wuhan University, who lived in the Faculty of Engineering and had a previous medical history of gastroenteritis. Fever, vomiting, and diarrhea developed at about 5:00 a.m. on July 8, and he went to Wuhan University Hospital at 10:00 a.m. on July 8, and was referred to Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University more than 3 times because of his diarrhea. At present, the student has been transferred to the People's Hospital of Wuhan University for isolation and treatment according to the relevant requirements. According to the feedback of the CDC, the new coronavirus nucleic acid test was negative, the Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention and the Wuhan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention carried out a review of the original form, the serological agglutination test was positive for O139, the diagnosis was cholerae, the virulence gene was negative (Vibrio cholerae pathogenicity is weak), and at present, after effective diagnosis and treatment, the student's condition is stable and the symptoms have disappeared. The student received 3 people (2 roommates and 1 meal mate) and was transferred to the school isolation point for centralized isolation. As of 19:36 on July 10, through the rapid examination of 264 key populations and 259 points, no O1 and O139 groups of Vibrio cholerae were detected, and no new cases were found. Environmental sampling and terminal disinfection have been carried out after sealing and controlling the public areas, dormitories, toilets, sewage pipes, and laboratory buildings where the student is located. At present, all aspects of Wuhan University are in good order and the work is carried out normally. Thank you to the public and the majority of alumni for their concern for Wuhan University, and also ask teachers and students not to panic, pay attention to personal hygiene, and do a good job of self-health monitoring.
The message was confirmed
A number of related topics rushed to the hot search
Except for the case of the case
Netizens are also concerned
What exactly is cholera?
Why is it classified as a Class A infectious disease?
How does it spread?
Do we need to worry?
……
What is cholera? Why is it classified as a Class A infectious disease? Cholera is an acute intestinal infectious disease caused by O1 group or O139 group Cholerae, the symptoms are mainly diarrhea, and even if the stomach does not hurt, diarrhea begins, and vomiting symptoms appear. Contaminated water sources and seafood can be used as a means of transmission. Severe diarrhea often causes great harm to the human body, and symptoms such as dehydration will occur, which can quickly lead to life-threatening. Depending on the bacterial (O) antigen, Vibrio cholerae can distinguish more than 200 O serogroups, but only V. cholerae caused cholerae in O1 and O139. Vibrio cholerae group O1 consists of two biological forms: classical organism and Elto biological form, both of which are divided into three serotypes: Inaba, Ogawa and Hikashima (rare). Group Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139 can be divided into toxic and non-toxic strains.
Vibrio cholerae is eaten into the stomach, and if a few can survive the stomach acid level to reach the intestine, they will survive in the intestine and slowly multiply and secrete cholera toxin. Cholera toxins push intracellular sodium ions into the intestinal lumen, so that the intestinal lumen maintains a high osmotic pressure state, resulting in the body's water being inhaled into the intestine because of osmotic pressure, the intestine stores a lot of water, and diarrhea is out of control.
This severe diarrhea may have a little yellow stool in the early stages, followed by a stool similar to rice water, which can be drained wildly at most more than 1 kg of water per hour. If timely water replenishment is not given at this time, people will soon face dehydration and near death.
During the pandemic, painters documented a 23-year-old woman who died of cholera. Cholera can be seen leaving visible dehydration marks on the deceased. The eyes are sunken and the skin is wrinkled and bluish-gray. Hence cholera in those days also known as the "Blue Death".
Because of its characteristics of acute onset, rapid spread and wide spread, it is listed as one of the two Class A infectious diseases stipulated in the Law on the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in the mainland (there is also plague), and it is also one of the three infectious diseases stipulated for international quarantine under the International Sanitary Quarantine Regulations.
Since 1817, there have been seven worldwide cholera pandemics, resulting in tens of millions of deaths, and dealing a devastating blow to the health, economic development and social stability of people in some infected areas. In the more than 100 years from 1817 to 1923, the six world cholera pandemics in Asia, Africa, Europe, the United States, and Australia were caused by classical biological forms, bringing great disasters to mankind.
The seventh worldwide cholera pandemic, which began in 1961, was caused by Vibrio cholerae, the biological form of Vibrio cholerae, which has spread to more than 140 countries and territories on five continents and has reported more than 4 million cases.
Staff at the French National Centre for Cholera Disease Research in Paris, November 16, 2010, analyze cholera bacteria. The research center needs to conduct confirmed studies of different strains of cholera disease bacteria in mainland France and abroad. In October 1992, a new cholera outbreak and epidemic caused by O139 group Cholerae caused by Vibrio cholerae occurred in India and Bangladesh, and this type of cholera subsequently spread in Asia, and O139 cholera cases have been reported in India, Bangladesh, China, Pakistan, Thailand, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Hong Kong and other countries and regions. At present, about 3 million to 5 million people worldwide are infected with cholera every year, and the number of deaths reaches 100 to 120,000.
Several cholera pandemics in history have affected China, especially the sixth pandemic. At that time, China was the late Qing Dynasty and the early Ming Dynasty, and epidemics broke out in many places, so that folk used to call cholera cholera by the name "Hu Liela" transliterated in English. The three words of Hu Liela intuitively reflect the characteristics of cholera, which are fatal, rapidly ill, and severe diarrhea.
At that time, in Henan, the Huliela pandemic spread to forty-seven counties, with 185251 people sick and 46,947 deaths, with a case fatality rate of 25%.
What is the transmission route of cholera? Cholera does not spread through the air, nor does it spread directly through the skin, but mainly through the fecal-oral route, which is simply the disease entering from the mouth. However, if the skin is contaminated with Vibrio cholerae, no attention to hygiene, and no attention to hand washing, it may also lead to infection. Who is susceptible to cholera? Regardless of race, sex or age, people are generally susceptible to cholera, and people with stomach acid deficiency are particularly susceptible. Some immunity can be acquired after illness, but the possibility of re-infection remains. In particular, people living in areas with poor sanitary and medical conditions are at high risk of cholera disease.
Cholera is endemic in mainland China from March to November, with the peak of the epidemic from June to September.
What is the incubation period and contagion period of cholera? The incubation period is several hours to 5 days, usually 2 to 3 days. It is contagious during the period of fecal positivity, usually up to a few days after recovery. Occasionally, carriers are infected for several months. Antimicrobials that are effective against Vibrio cholerae shorten the duration of infection. How do I find myself infected with cholera? Symptoms of diarrhea, especially severe painless watery diarrhea, should be seen in the hospital immediately with culture tests for Vibrio cholerae. People who dine with or are in close contact with someone infected with cholera should also have stool or swabs to determine if they are infected. In cholera-endemic areas or recent cholera-affected areas, diarrhea should be promptly treated in the hospital and feces left for cholera bacteriological examination. What should I do if I am infected with cholera? Cholera is highly contagious, and once cholera infection is found, whether mild or carrier,it should be isolated and treated. Symptoms of cholera disappear, antimicrobials are stopped, and vibrio cholerae is released after two consecutive days of stool culture without detection. After infection with cholera, not receiving isolation treatment is a violation of the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases, and patients and carriers should cooperate with the staff of the Center for Disease Control and Prevention to do epidemiological investigation, sampling of close contacts, disinfection of epidemic sites at home, etc. Treatment measures for cholera The treatment principle of the disease is strict isolation, and there is no specific drug for the time being, only symptomatic treatment, timely replenishment of water and electrolytes, supplemented with antibacterial therapy. People with severe vomiting should pause eating, and after vomiting and diarrhea are relieved, they can be given a liquid diet, and the occurrence of complications should be noted. Do epidemic-related students need to be so ashamed to have completed swabs to check for cholera?
Last night, the news of cholera in Wuhan University came out, and netizens paid attention to it, all students in the building have undergone a unified swab test. The two topics are ranked first and second in hot search.
Nasopharyngeal swabs are already common, so what is an swab? Why do you do an swabs?
swabs are sampled swabs that are examined by rectal sampling, mainly for the detection of parasites or bacteria and viruses in the intestine, and can be used to diagnose gastrointestinal infectious diseases such as bacterial dysentery, as well as perianal warts, rectal gonorrhea and HPV infections.
According to the requirements of the mainland cholera diagnostic standards, suspected patients need to be cultured with Vibrio cholerae in the stool, cultured with Vibrio cholerae, and then the serotype can be identified after distinguishing whether it is O1 or O139 group, which takes about 48 hours.
Stool culture is generally a direct stool sampling examination, but sometimes it is not convenient to defecate immediately, and an swab inserted into the anus wall rotation can also take out a small stool sample for examination. In addition, with the help of swab sampling, there are also some more rapid tests (RDTs) that can be used to assist in the diagnosis of cholera.
How can cholera be prevented? The way to prevent cholera is relatively simple. The main thing is to "put a good mouth", pay attention to dietary safety, and prevent diseases from entering the mouth. Do "five to five don't" - five to: wash your hands before and after eating, cook back seafood, warm food every meal, separate raw and cooked food, and see a doctor if symptoms occur. Five do not: raw water is not boiled do not drink, unlicensed catering do not patronize, rotten food do not eat, overeating is not advisable, undilided (cholera pollution) items do not touch.
In addition, personal protection should also be strengthened, if citizens travel to the country or region where the cholera outbreak occurs, please try to avoid direct contact with confirmed cases of cholera or suspected cholera symptoms, if there is discomfort, please take the initiative to declare for timely treatment. Preventable and treatable, no need to panic
Since the founding of New China, with the development of patriotic health campaigns and the progress of medical standards, cholera has become less and less stormy in China.
Cholera was in the thousands when it was included in the statutory reporting of infectious diseases in 1989, reaching a peak in 1994 with 34,027 reported cases and 287 deaths, and then in 1998 the incidence exceeded 10,000, and then the overall downward trend was even not reported for many years. From 2018 to 2021, there were scattered new cases, but no one died as a result. Dr. Lilac publicly claimed: "Sometimes it is felt that cholera's title of 'Class A infectious disease' is somewhat extinct. ”
The well-known health blogger @ general surgery doctor zeng also said, "Negative virulence genes, indicating that cholera enterotoxin can not be produced, that is, non-toxic strains, weak pathogenic ability, caused by mild symptoms, everyone do not have to worry." Cholera can be prevented and treated, for countries with better health and economic conditions, cholera is really not terrible, everyone washes their hands frequently, does not eat raw food, and does a good job of personal hygiene. Overall, cholera is a typical 'disease from mouth' infectious disease, and the effective way to prevent it is mainly to develop good hygiene practices. As long as early detection, early reporting, early diagnosis, and early treatment are achieved, cholera is not difficult to cure.
Shanghai News Broadcasting Synthesis