The care of infants and young children by parents is an extremely important work, and the reason for this is that the incidents of children being held wrongly, lost and abducted in society occur repeatedly.... Every unpredictable accident that may bring separation to the family will be a scar on the child and the family for the rest of their lives. When an accident occurs, if you want to find your loved ones in the vast sea of people, you need to use the scientific means of paternity testing. This means can not only identify the kinship relationship for individual families, but also provide an effective basis for judicial organs to handle cases.
How much is known about paternity testing
Paternity testing is mainly based on the theoretical techniques of forensic science, biology and genetics to analyze genetic characteristics from the similar characteristics of the morphological structure or physiological function of parents and offspring, and then determine whether parents and children have a biological relationship. Compared with the ancient blood test and bone test, the paternity test formed under the influence of modern medicine has higher reliability.
Blood group test
Paternity testing is carried out by blood group test, that is, the paternity relationship is determined by comparing the blood type. According to Mendelian genetics, our blood type is passed on to the next generation according to the genes inherited. In layman's terms, children born to parents of a certain blood type also have corresponding blood types.
The blood group system used to identify paternity is mainly composed of AB blood, A blood, B type blood, and O blood type blood, and the more blood group systems tested, the higher the accuracy. It should be noted that there is a genetic relationship between the blood type of two people with a parent-child relationship, and two people with a genetic relationship in the blood type cannot be completely determined to be a parent-child relationship.
In daily life, if we do not know the blood type of the child, we can also make simple inferences through the law of inheritance, which is summarized as follows: A (father) + A (mother) - A/O (baby); A＋B→A/B/O/AB； A＋O →A/O； A＋AB→A/B/AB； B＋B→B/O； B＋O→B/O； B＋AB→B/A/AB； O＋O→O； O＋AB →A/B； AB＋AB→A/B/AB。
Identification of chromosomal polymorphisms
Chromosomal polymorphisms, also known as heteromorphisms, refer to tiny variations in the morphology of chromosomes common in normal populations, including enlargement, duplication, and deletion. Although it does not affect physiological function, this polymorphism is inherited with genes.
People who have undergone chromosomal polymorphism identification can infer paternity by observing the morphology of the chromosomes. Because this technique relies on the subjective judgment of staff, its accuracy is not satisfactory.
· DNA identification
At present, the most common method used to identify paternity is DNA typing identification, and the samples are mainly human blood marks, hair with hair follicles, and oral cells. The whole process will be tested around 10-20 DNA loci, and if all are consistent, the parent-child relationship can be determined; If there are more than 3 loci different loci, paternity is excluded.
It should be reminded that even biological children may have different DNA sites due to genetic mutations. At this time, doctors will often increase the site for further detection and identification.
"Paternity testing" is a concept that most people are familiar with, and hair and blood are the main samples for identifying blood relations. So can cord blood be tested for paternity?
Cord blood identification DNA, a technology not to be missed
The cord blood contains the DNA of the fetus and can be tested for paternity. But more important than paternity testing, the DNA information database built by cord blood can support more uses in families, such as analyzing the causes of disease and stopping child trafficking in a timely manner.
As early as seven years ago, Li Dumiao, a member of the Fujian Provincial Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, put forward the "Proposal on Detecting Baby Umbilical Cord Blood DNA from the Source to Prevent Child Abduction and Trafficking". The recommendation states that everyone has unique DNA, and if cord blood is collected for DNA testing at the time of birth, it is equivalent to establishing a lifelong, exclusive logo for each baby. Once the information is stored, no matter where the child is, the source and destination of the CHILD can be tracked in a timely manner through the database comparison.
Since then, many regions, including Fujian and Shenzhen, have advocated the establishment of a newborn DNA information database through the collection of cord blood to prevent trafficking and abandonment from the source. With the continuous progress of medicine, the scope and collection method of umbilical cord blood DNA of newborns have been further improved, which is not only expected to reduce the probability of trafficking, but also conducive to the construction and improvement of the child-related security system.
Other wonderful uses of cord blood
Cord blood, once used as a medical waste, has become a light of life that continues to overcome terminal illnesses with the development of cell medicine. In addition to having a strong ability to proliferate, the genetic material contained in cord blood can also "predict" the health of the owner and complete the traceability of the disease.
Prenatal – umbilical cord blood puncture
Cord blood puncture is one of the important means to check the fetus for chromosomal diseases, genetic diseases, hematologic diseases, viral infections, and the presence of deformities in the fetal spine.
Postpartum – genetic disease screening
For a family, genetic diseases are overwhelmed, and early detection and early treatment are the key to avoiding the harm of genetic diseases. The Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Cardiovascular Medicine published an article applying cord blood to the early judgment of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). The researchers said that the lipid level in cord blood is closely related to the lipid level in adulthood, and medical workers can better identify children with FH or high risk of FH by detecting cord blood, so that early intervention can be carried out.
For children who cannot determine the cause, using umbilical cord blood for genetic disease screening is one of the most direct and effective ways to shorten the diagnosis time and help children win valuable treatment opportunities.
I believe that with the continuous progress of science, cord blood will exist in our lives in more forms, guarding the health of the whole family.
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