In 2011 and 2012, I went north for two consecutive years to the site of Yuanshangdu in Zhenglanqi, Inner Mongolia; In 2013, I went to Grassland Tianlu and Guyuan, and when I came back, I went to the Yuanzhongdu ruins in Zhangbei; In 2017, he went to Keshketeng and went to the site of Yingchang Road west of Dali Lake, where the last emperor of the Yuan Dynasty, Emperor Yuanshun, died. Of course, I am in Beijing, and the remnants that can be seen in the Yuan Dynasty are also "Tucheng", and I have been to it many times.
I want to say that I have traveled all over the capital cities of the Yuan Dynasty. Of course, there is also Hala and Lin, which was the capital of the early Mongol Empire, where the second generation of Mongol Great Khan Wokoutai Khan was established in the seventh year (1235). The first four khans of the Mongol Empire, namely Genghis Khan, Wokoutai, Guiyu, and Möngke, all administered the empire in Hala and Lin. However, that place is now the northwest corner of the former Hangai province of Mongolia. After Kublai Khan established the Yuan Dynasty, he promoted Kaiping Province to Shangdu and Shengyanjing to Zhongdu (later changed to Dadu). Hala and Lin only placed the Marshal's Mansion in Sidu. So in the strict sense, Hala and Lin were not the capitals of the Yuan Dynasty.
Posts by Yuan Shangdu, Yuan Zhongdu and Ying Chang Lu were all posted. This time to write a Yuan Dadu, it has become a Yuandu travelogue series.
Yuan Dadu - this post
Yuan Shangdu - "Its rise is also bold, its death is also abrupt - grassland wasteland, World Heritage"
Yuan Zhongdu - "Built in three years and then abandoned, an unused capital city"
Attached: YingChang Road - "The Destination of the Last Emperor of the Yuan Dynasty"
In the spring of the previous year, I deliberately went through the West Earth City and the North Earth City. The southernmost part of the existing Tucheng is in Mingguang Village, two stations north of Xizhimen, and a cement sealing wall is built along the section of Tucheng in the middle of the road, which has become the starting point of the "Ruins of the Yuan Capital City Wall".
Above the upper city, you can see that Xizhimen North Avenue has become Xitucheng Road here, and it is going down along the two sides of Tucheng.
Sincerely speaking, the ruins of Tucheng are an earthen mound full of weeds and weeds, and the posts are covered with such weeds.
Only the north wall and the western section remain. The west side is about 2 kilometers long from Here in Mingguang Village to Xuezhi Bridge, and the north side is basically complete, 6.7 kilometers long.
Above the upper city, you can see that Xizhimen North Avenue has become Xitucheng Road here, and it is going down along the two sides of Tucheng.
Sincerely speaking, the ruins of Tucheng are an earthen mound full of weeds and weeds, and the posts are covered with such weeds.
The location of the Yuan Capital's Qing Gate, on the stone is the "Monument to the Ruins of the Yuan Capital City Wall" written by Mr. Hou Renzhi.
The only existing tucheng is the northern wall and the western section. The west side is about 2 kilometers long from Here in Mingguang Village to Xuezhi Bridge, and the north side is basically complete, 6.7 kilometers long.
In 1260, Kublai Khan ascended the throne at Kaiping Province (正蓝旗, 元上都), making it a temporary administrative place. In the fourth year of the central unification (1263), Kaiping Province was upgraded to the capital and named Shangdu. By the third year of the Yuan Dynasty (1266), Kublai Khan sent Liu Bingzhong, Zhao Bingwen and Zhao Xuan to Yanjing Xiangdi, intending to move the capital here, but the old city of Jinzhongdu was small in scale and had been destroyed after half a century of destruction at the turn of Jin and Yuan. Therefore, Kublai Khan decided to build a new capital northeast of Yanjing centered on the Qionghua Island Palace (present-day Zhongnanhai) in the Jin Dynasty, called Dadu. Construction began in the first month of 1267 and was completed in the 22nd year of the Yuan Dynasty, during which time until the eighth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1271), Kublai Khan set the name of the state as "Yuan", and Shangdu and Dadu became the two capitals used alternately in the winter and summer of the Yuan Dynasty, and by the 20th year of the Yuan Dynasty (1283), the royal family, nobles, government offices, shops, etc. successively moved into the capital new city. By the time the Yuan Shun Emperor (Yuan Hui Emperor) Tu Huan Themu'er withdrew from the capital in the 28th year of Zhizheng (1368), the Yuan Dynasty collapsed. Most of them experienced the eleventh emperor of the Yuan Dynasty, one hundred and eight years.
The capital sits north and faces south, in the form of a regular rectangle. The circumference of the city is measured at 28,600 meters, and the area is about 60 square kilometers. The city walls were made of rammed earth and the base was 24 meters thick, but the Yuan Dynasty was never bricked. The city has 11 gates, and the imperial city is in the middle of the southern part of the metropolitan area, including Miyagi and Tailiuchi (present-day Beihai, Zhonghai and Nanhai), and Banzai Mountain (Beihai Qiongdao). The south gate of the Imperial City was called Li Zhengmen, on the south side of present-day Tiananmen.
The metropolitan city has a total of 11 gates, three in the east, three in the west and three in the south, and two in the north. The three buildings of the western city wall from south to north are Pingze Gate, Heyi Gate is the later Fucheng Gate and Xizhi Gate, and the northernmost one is this Puqing Gate, which has the most raw name. The east from south to north is Qihua Gate, Chongren Gate and Guangxi Gate, the first two are the current Dongzhimen, ChaoyangMen, GuangxiMen facing the SuqingMen, also abandoned, now Metro Line 13 has Guangximen Station.
When the Pingze Gate was changed to Fucheng Gate, when it was rebuilt in the fourth year of the Ming Dynasty (1440), the stone carving museum in the Five Pagodas Temple in Beijing also had a plaque on the gate of the Ming Hongwu Five Years. I've taken pictures.
The change of HeyiMen to Xizhimen seems to coincide with the renaming of Pingzemen. In 1969, Beijing demolished the city wall and built an air raid shelter with bricks from the city wall. When the Xizhimen Arrow Tower in Beijing was demolished, the yuandadu and Yimen urn city gates were found, and the remaining gates of the city gates were 22 meters high, the door opening was 9.92 meters long and 4.62 meters wide, the inner coupon was 6.68 meters high, and the outer ticket was 4.56 meters high. Inside the door is an inscription of the eighteenth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1358). After finding out that year, I asked Guo Moruo to take a look. Although I have heard some people say that there are very few remnants of the Yuan Capital, it is recommended to keep it. But in those half-crazy years, whoever could listen to this word would be demolished three times five divided by two. But we have all experienced the demolition of the city wall, that kind of state, what can ordinary people, especially children, know? Think about it, now people have this mentality, the same, will still go to tear down. Because you don't have a reverence for your ancestors, just pragmatism. The tragic appearance of Beijing's city walls is only a microcosm.
Web excerpt picture, thank you to the original author
Further north, outside Tucheng is the Xiaoyue River, which should be the original moat. This will dry out without any water.
This is not even a mound, it is basically flat.
To the North Third Ring Road, from under the bridge to cross it, convenient.
Not far ahead, a section of the city wall was newly built, on which was the "Jimen Smoke Tree" stele of the Eight Views of Yanjing inscribed by Qianlong. "Jimen Tobacco Tree" was the name of the Ming Dynasty. The Yuan Dynasty called it "Thistle Gate Flying Rain", but the Thistle Gate was not in its current position.
Qianlong set the location of this scene here, so qianlong fifteen years (1750) built a monument here, the stele sits north to south, Han white jade, the height of the stele is 2.3 meters, the height of the pass is about 4 meters. The base of the stele is a relief of a cloud dragon, and the seat of Meru is decorated with lotus flowers. The head of the stele is in the shape of a monk's hat and is engraved with thunder. This monument is still old, it is not easy to keep, and it is now a cultural protection unit in Haidian District.
Then not far to the north, XituCheng came to an end, which was the northwest corner of the Yuan Capital City Wall. The wooden stairs repaired in previous years are broken, so go up and have a look.
Looking around, where there are any smoke trees, they are all tall buildings.
From the northwest corner down to the east, take the North Tucheng City, the North Tucheng City Wall to the Xiaoyue River (moat) is relatively wide, now built a lot of new buildings, but also some of the borderless landscape names, what "thistle grass Fenfei", "Most of the capital Jiandian", "saddle reins prosperous" and so on.
Statue of Liu Bingzhong, designer of Yuan Dadu.
The statue of the ancestor of the Yuan Dynasty, the four elephants pulling the cart, interesting.
There are three water passes in Beitu City, and this is the best preserved, which is the outer side.
This is inside. Now to give this a "water pass new" landscape name, it is really the second monk confused.
Here is the road to the eight high, there is no further going, there is the Chaoyang District, and there is a section of the city wall.