After the death of the Chongzhen Emperor, the southern region successively gave birth to the regimes established by the remnants of the Ming Dynasty, such as Hongguang, Longwu, and Yongli, which were called "Southern Ming".
In order to "Zhongxing Daming", the rulers of the Southern Ming Dynasty not only begged for help in Japan and Ryukyu, but also asked the Westerners for help. For example, the Hongguang Emperor sent the missionary Bi Francis to Macau to contact the Portuguese, and Emperor Longwu also wrote a plaque for the Catholic Church.
The closest relationship with the West is the Yongli regime.
At that time, the Portuguese in Macau were very difficult to survive, and after the Qing army entered the customs, their business shrank greatly, so they agreed to Yongli's request to borrow troops, "Send three hundred troops, bring several cannons, come to Guilin to help the battle, and take Qu Shawei as the priest of the team." ("Catholic Transmission in China Examination", vol. 5)".
Wang Fuzhi also recorded that there were Western mercenaries in the Southern Ming army at that time: "Tianshoushi Catholic, worshiping the Westerner Qu Shawei as a teacher." The flags of the Brave Guard are all written in the Book of Xifan, which is similar to children's play. (Records of the Eternal Calendar, vol. XXV)"
Of course, the claim that "The Portuguese mercenaries defeated the Qing army" that is widely circulated on the Internet has no basis, because the "Ming Ji Nanluo" and "Yongli Shilu" involving the history of the Southern Ming Dynasty do not account for the performance and outcome of this Portuguese army on the battlefield.
In 1647, the Qing army fully occupied Guangdong and set up a former cottage in Xiangshan County, and the general Ma Xiongfei led 500 troops to garrison to guard against the Portuguese. The Portuguese could not get in touch with the Yongli regime, and seeing that the Qing army was very strong, they tried to bribe Tong Yangjia, the governor of the Manchu and Qing dynasties, in the hope of entering the Trade in Guangzhou. Tong Yangjia reported the Portuguese request, which was rejected by the Qing court.
The Portuguese were greatly dissatisfied, so when Li Chengdong, the governor of Guangdong, rebelled against the Qing, the Portuguese chose to support it, although because they had no money, they only sent a team of soldiers and two cannons to assist in the defense, which was much less than the last aid.
When Guangzhou was once again besieged by qing forces, the Qing army not only promised to exempt Macau from land rent for three years, but also adopted an attitude of protecting missionaries. The Portuguese no longer supported Guangzhou, but still let Du Yonghe, Zhang Yue and other Defenders of Guangzhou flee to Hainan through the Pearl River Estuary, accepting many refugees who had fled to Macau.
After the Qing army captured Guangzhou, it created a terrible massacre. Some of the red-eyed Qing soldiers advocated bloodbathing Macau. While increasing the garrison at the former cottage, he released the captured missionary Zeng Dezhao and told him to tell Macau that as long as they did not support Nanming, the Qing army would not attack Macau. In the end, the Portuguese chose to give in.
Macau no longer supported the Yongli calendar, but western missionaries still existed in the Southern Ming regime. In 1648, the Jesuit priests Qu Shawei and Bu Mige successfully persuaded the Yongli concubine Empress Dowager Wang, Empress Wang, and Crown Prince Zhu Cixuan, as well as the right attendant of the Bingbu Department, Jin Sheng, the official Shangshu Ding Kuichu, the Bingbu Shangshu Qu Shiyi, the Xuanguo Gong Jiao Chain, and many eunuchs and palace women to receive Catholic baptism. The Yongli Emperor refused to dissolve the harem and did not become a formal believer, but he often communicated with missionaries and learned a lot of Catholic and Western knowledge.
In 1650, the Qing army went south, and the Yongli Emperor Zhu Youluo decided to ask the Western world for help. So, with the Empress and her handwritten letter to the Pope, Bumig set out. This was the first mission in China's history to Europe. Bu Mi Ge planned to move the Crusaders to save the Ming Dynasty, but the Macau authorities, fearing anger against the Qing Dynasty, immediately detained Bu Mi Ge. Fortunately, a bishop supported the Ming Dynasty, and Bu Mig left Macau with his help.
Leaving Macau, he came to Portuguese-controlled Goa. The Goan authorities did not want to violate the policy of friendship with the Qing court and detained Bumig again.
Bumig tried to contact the Pope with the Venetian government, and the Doge of Goa was extremely dissatisfied and tried to report that Lisbon had requested the expulsion of Bumig.
Michal Piotr Boym was born in Poland in 1612 and became a Jesuit in 1629. He came to China in 1645.
In desperation, Bhamig gave up his plan to travel by sea to Europe, and instead disguised himself as an Armenian merchant and fled to Persia by land.
After 9981 difficulties, the Bumig mission traveled all the way to Izmir on the Aegean Sea, and after contacting the Jesuits, came to Venice for help. Dressed in the official clothes of the Ming Dynasty, Bumig entered Venice as a Chinese emissary.
Bu Mig has lived in China for many years and is a learned sinologist. He added annotations and translations to the Great Qin Jingjiao Chinese Popular Tablets, which gave Europeans a better understanding of Chinese; his Flora of China was the first encyclopedia of Chinese flora and fauna, which was marked in Latin and Chinese; and his Introduction to Chinese Medicine was also the earliest book to systematically introduce Chinese medicine to the West.
General introduction to Chinese medicine
Through his work, Westerners learned about an ancient and intelligent Eastern civilization.
As a scholar, Bumig was undoubtedly successful. But as a messenger, his mission failed. The Venetian doge, Francisco Maureen, at first adamantly refused to receive the Bumig mission. Later, under the mediation of the French ambassador, he had to meet with him, but still did not send troops to rescue the Ming Dynasty.
Bumig left Venice in disgrace and went to the Holy See in search of hope, and he gave it the Pope's Letter to the Queen. Pope Innocent X was dismissive of his actions and refused to see him. The Jesuits did not have any support for this either.
Two years later, when Alexander VII became pope, Bhomig was received. During the meeting, the new pope only said some words of blessing and did not give any substantial help to the Southern Ming regime.
At the same time, John Tang, a missionary in the center of the Qing court, sent Wei Kuangguo back to Europe, declaring that the Southern Ming regime should support the Qing Dynasty with a blow. Bumig did not give up, and went to Portugal and his native Poland to move rescue troops. In order to stop him, Wei Kuangguo also vigorously persuaded the Polish king not to send troops. Some dominican priests launched personal attacks, calling him a liar.
In this way, Bumig failed. He could have stayed in Europe, but decided to return to his life. In 1653, the mission set out.
Flora of China
Due to the obstruction on the way, they did not come to the border between China and Siam (Thailand) until five years later. Overjoyed to learn that the Ming court still controlled Yunnan, they agreed to return via Vietnam. However, Vietnam was in a state of division, and the northern Lord Zheng defected to the Qing court and blocked the border. Along the coast of Guangdong, there were still Ming generals such as Chen Qice, Deng Yao, Yang Yandi, and Chen Shangchuan who insisted on resisting. The Macau authorities did not allow BuMig to enter the country and turned to the Jesuits for help, like a stone sinking into the sea, the sea route is also impossible.
Even if it is so difficult, the heavily infected Bumig still has not given up. He took a pirate ship to Vietnam and then hiked to Yunnan. However, in 1659, Bu migu died of illness with infinite regret. Chen Ande, who was with him (not recorded in Chinese historical records, transliterated according to Western sources) silently took care of his funeral and went on the road. After many hardships, he returned to China to see Yongle. Regarding his life and deeds, his final outcome has long been annihilated in the long history like the Southern Ming regime.