Peninsula all-media reporter Sun Guidong
In Chengyang Hetao Street and Jiaozhou Li Gezhuang Street, there are many greenhouses built next to ponds. Instead of growing fruits and vegetables, South American white shrimp were farmed. Every year in March, the first stubble of Penaeus vannamei began to release seedlings, due to the high temperature and rapid growth, it began to be listed in early May, just to fill the gap in the market for seafood lacked during the fishing moratorium. On May 27, when the reporter visited a number of breeding greenhouses in Hetao Street, he learned that this year's South American white shrimp ushered in a bumper harvest, with an average yield of about 1,000 catties per mu, and the price was closer to the people than in previous years. In addition, the Qingdao market mainly has three kinds of Chinese shrimp, South American white shrimp and Japanese bamboo shrimp. Each type of prawn is marketed at a different time, and even during the fishing moratorium, fresh prawns "swim" to the public's table every day.
Wang Zhengguang is inspecting the growth of shrimp
Seedling release:
More than 100,000 shrimp fry per kilogram were airlifted to Qingju greenhouse
"Our family's shrimp fry are slightly late, more than 50 pounds of shrimp, can already produce shrimp", on May 27, Wang Zhengguang, a large shrimp farmer in Hetao Street, Chengyang District, was checking the water quality, and from time to time fished out some large shrimp to check. Each prawn is about 9 to 10 cm long and bounces around on the net pocket.
Wang Zhengguang said that he has been raising shrimp for more than 20 years, from open ponds to beach farming, and this year he has contracted more than 150 acres of land to cultivate shrimp. This year is the first year to try greenhouse farming, and the harvest is good. South American shrimp grow faster and more adaptable, freshwater and seawater can adapt, and in seawater with suitable salinity, the growth rate is faster. Therefore, the shrimp farmed in greenhouses now are basically South American white shrimp.
Shrimp that are already available for sale
The environmental factors that affect the growth of shrimp are mainly salinity and temperature. The growth of Penaeus vannamei has relatively high temperature requirements, growing fastest between 28 °C and 32 °C, mainly relying on greenhouses to control. Their greenhouse culture is strictly speaking freshwater aquaculture. Since the contracted place happens to belong to saline land, the salinity of the water pumped out of the ground is relatively good, which is just in line with the demand.
In addition to these factors, the key factor in shrimp farming is mainly the quality of the seedlings. There are many types of shrimp fry on the market now. Since the introduction of Penaeus vannamei in 1988, there have been many manufacturers of seedlings, and each species is different. It is mainly divided into "fast seedlings" with fast growth, and there are also "high resistance seedlings" with strong disease resistance but slow growth. Greenhouse farmers pay more attention to economic benefits, basically choose "fast seedlings". Such seedlings grow fast, but they are not well managed and are prone to disease. If you raise it well, it is a high yield, and if you don't raise it well, you may reduce production or even cut off production. Although the risk of "high resistance to seedlings" is low, the input of greenhouse culture is high, and general marine aquaculture will choose this category. Marine aquaculture relies on natural food, the environment is also harsh, and the requirements for shrimp fry are also high. The stocking densities of the two shrimp fry are also different. Greenhouse culture generally has a stocking density of 50,000 to 60,000 fish, and marine aquaculture is only about 2,000 to 3,000 fish.
Wang Zhengguang is inspecting shrimp
Wang Zhengguang said that the quality of each seedling was not counted in their hearts. For the sake of safety, this year he chose two kinds of shrimp fry, one is the "shrimp fry" airlifted from Hainan, and the price is relatively cheap. 10,000 shrimp fry is about 180 yuan, and the other part is purchased from enterprises in Hebei, and 10,000 shrimp fry is about 260 yuan. The shrimp fry just bought have more than 100,000 shrimp per kilogram. These seedlings need to be first placed in factory ponds for cultivation, and after about 20 days, they are gradually transferred to greenhouse ponds after being larger. The final yield is directly related to the density of stocking, generally 50,000 to 60,000 ponds per mu is a relatively conventional density, and the space for shrimp fry growth is relatively sufficient. From the stocking of shrimp fry to the present, about 70 days, now 1 kilogram of shrimp has reached the size of 50 to 60 heads, basically can be sold out.
Fishing:
It is heated by a boiler and started to market as early as early May
The first stubble of prawns is mainly aimed at the opportunity of a large market gap in the seafood market after the sea closure on May 1. The growth cycle of shrimp is basically fixed, and the morning and evening of marketing mainly depends on the time of seedling release.
Previously, the open ponds only began to release seedlings in July and August. Greenhouses can control the temperature, so the time to market is earlier.
It is understood that generally from the end of February to the beginning of March every year, some farmers begin to release seedlings. Due to the low temperature, it is necessary to use a boiler to heat the greenhouse to ensure that the temperature is above 20 °C. "Last year's coal price was too high, many farmers chose to release seedlings later, I was around March 20," Wang Zhengguang said, so this time can produce shrimp. There are also many farmers who choose to release seedlings in advance and start to produce shrimp in early May.
Although the price of coal is relatively high, many farmers still choose to release seedlings in advance and strive to go public as soon as possible and sell them at a good price. Wei Zhaojian, chairman of Qingdao Zhaojian Freshwater Shrimp Farming Professional Cooperative in Ligezhuang Street, Jiaozhou, is a well-known farmer. Around February 10 this year, he put the fish fry he bought into the pond.
A boiler used for heating in winter
"The boiler burned for about two months," Wei Zhaojian said, adding that the cost alone was still relatively large, but the benefits were also relatively good. Because of the early release of seedlings, the shrimp in their greenhouses have been growing for about 100 days, and now there are about 40 heads a pound. Now the market price is about 30 yuan per kilogram, which is a little worse than in previous years, but it is not worried about selling. Prawns are also kept and sold in the pond, and can be sold out in a month or so.
Shrimp farming in greenhouses is a source of water extracted from the ground, so it must be fed. "It's really a manual job, and it basically can't stop a day," said Wang Zhengguang, who gets up at 4 o'clock every morning and sits in a homemade "foam boat" to feed the feed, and a three-acre pond takes about half an hour. These shrimp fry need to be fed 4 times a day, and they can rest after feeding at 9 pm.
"Greenhouse farming is most afraid of pests and diseases," Wang Zhengguang said, each farmer has their own experience of groping out, the salinity of the pond water, the concentration of microorganisms inside and the turbidity of the pond water, etc., in addition to the quality of shrimp fry, everyone's management level also determines the production of shrimp.
Accounts:
Greenhouse shrimp farming yields are high, with an average income of 20,000 per mu of pond
"In the past two years, more and more shrimp have been farmed in greenhouses, mainly because of high efficiency," said Wang Zhengguang, who began to raise fish in ponds, and in 1998 saw that shrimp farming in neighboring villages was very successful, and in the first year he farmed more than 40 acres in open ponds, with an income of more than 100,000 yuan in the first year. After the surrounding farmers saw that they were making money, they followed up the breeding, and the scale expanded rapidly. The first generation of shrimp farming, basically chose open ponds, can only raise one stubble a year.
Machines for oxygen supply
Since then, with the maturity of technology, many farmers have begun to experiment with shrimp farming in greenhouses. Because the temperature can be controlled, the production of farmed shrimp is increased, the economic benefits are better, and the corresponding risk of diseases and pests is greater. Nowadays, many farmers carry out factory farming, in the factory workshop, provide sufficient oxygen, feed, etc., and the shrimp farming density is higher.
At present, there are four main modes of shrimp farming, marine aquaculture, pond freshwater aquaculture, greenhouse culture and factory culture. Four breeding methods, the cost of breeding gradually increases, the risk is greater, and the corresponding benefits are higher. Due to the high investment in factory, many farmers choose greenhouse farming.
Wei Zhaojian said that there are many uncertainties in shrimp farming, seedlings, management technology, temperature, etc. all affect the yield, some farmers have a high yield, one mu of land can produce five or six thousand catties, it is also possible to produce clear ponds. Overall, the yield of one mu of pond is about 1000 to 1500 catties. In addition to lease fees, electricity costs, seedlings and labor, etc., the income of one mu of pond and one stubble is about 20,000 yuan, and the net income of two stubbles a year can be 40,000 yuan. Although the open-air aquaculture investment is small and the risk is lower, there is only one stubble a year and the yield is also very low, which leads to relatively low economic benefits.
Develop:
To create a well-known brand, Qingdao shrimp "swim" to the whole country
On May 27, the reporter learned from relevant experts of the Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute that Penaeus vannamei accounts for about 80% of the entire shrimp farming, which is the largest breed. Among them, Guangdong and other places in the south have the largest scale of aquaculture.
As a greenhouse culture of South American white shrimp, Qingdao is regarded as a "rising star" in the market. However, the development of these years has also been very rapid, and even has a nationwide brand.
Continuous breeding greenhouses
In 2005, Wei Zhaojian, who was engaged in long-distance transportation, saw in the south that some people used greenhouses to breed shrimp, and they could sell two stubbles a year. In northern cities, due to weather reasons, open-air farming has only one stubble a year, and the economic benefits are much lower. After seeing the business opportunity, he began to think about how to breed.
After more than a year of experimentation, the first year of greenhouse shrimp farming was a success. Villagers saw the economic benefits brought by the greenhouse shrimp and began to farm in the greenhouse. Wei Zhaojian, who had explored the experience, saw that the villagers joined the team of greenhouse breeding, and did not worry about bringing challenges to himself, but instead passed on his experience to the villagers and led everyone to get rich together.
In 2009, with the support of local government departments, he established Qingdao Zhaojian Freshwater Aquaculture Professional Cooperative. He discussed the technology with the members, so that the farmers' experience became more and more abundant, and the output increased year by year. At present, the entire cooperative breeding area of about 500 acres, the breeding technology is relatively mature, the yield per mu is also very stable, a stubble shrimp production of about 500,000 catties. Most of the farmers are two stubble a year, and the annual income of one mu of pond is about 40,000 yuan. There are about 50 acres of ponds, choose three stubbles a year, and list them on the eve of the Spring Festival. Each mu of pond can also earn about 20,000 yuan.
Since then, Wei Zhaojian has established Qingdao Chaoyi Aquatic Products Co., Ltd. and registered his own "Zhaojian brand" prawns, which has been rated as a well-known brand in Qingdao. Not only that, Wei Zhaojian is also good at research, in 2016 he figured out the use of tarpaulin to build shrimp ponds, and declared two national patents. Nowadays, the South American white shrimp he breeds is famous, and many merchants from Beijing, Tianjin and Jinan have come to buy it, and their peers have also given him a loud nickname "Qingdao Shrimp King".
In 2021, after Ningxia farmers came to visit, they chose to cooperate with the company and seek technical support. 5,000 mu of land has been developed for breeding, and 1,000 mu have been planted on a trial basis this year. "Now shrimp are also about to come out, and the situation of breeding is not bad," Wei Zhaojian said, adding that the yield per mu can reach about 1,000 catties, which is also a mature technology to help local villagers get rich.
Revelation:
The three kinds of shrimp island city "competition", the listing time is different
On May 1, the fishing moratorium began, and farmed prawns became the first choice of many citizens. Dai Ping, an associate researcher at the Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, said that there are currently four main species of shrimp in China: Chinese shrimp, South American white shrimp, Japanese bamboo shrimp, and kingfish shrimp. There are three main types of Qingdao market, Chinese shrimp, South American white shrimp and Japanese bamboo shrimp.
Among them, Chinese shrimp is also "indigenous shrimp", in the 1980s and 1990s, Chinese shrimp once dominated the market, and since then, due to pests and diseases, some farms have begun to introduce more adaptable White American shrimp. Penaeus vannamei has strong growth adaptability and fast growth rate, and the scale of aquaculture has expanded rapidly, accounting for about 80% of the market.
More than 10 years ago, Farmers in Jimo began to introduce Japanese bamboo shrimp. With the expansion of the scale of aquaculture, Jimo has also become a circulation base for bamboo shrimp nationwide.
Farmer Wang Zhengguang said that the South American white shrimp raised in greenhouses was the earliest to be listed, and it has been listed since the beginning of May. Penaeus vannamei is reared and produced until November. In mid-June, farmed bamboo shrimp began to be marketed one after another. However, the production of bamboo shrimp cultured in the open air is very low, and the yield of one or two hundred catties per mu of pond is relatively high, according to the size of the head, ranging from 50 yuan to 100 yuan.
Chinese shrimp came to market at the latest, almost in September, around the Mid-Autumn Festival in the lunar calendar. The three kinds of prawns are listed at different times, which also allows Qingdao citizens to eat fresh prawns every day. "We only supply live shrimp, all pulled to the wholesale market that night," Wang Zhengguang said, and farmers also staggered the time, distinguishing between different markets and striving for the best price.
Extend:
Shrimp breeding, Qingdao's local scientific research strength is strong
Seedlings are the "chips" in the aquaculture industry, and it is difficult to have high yields without good seedlings. Qingdao has gathered a number of sea-related colleges and universities such as the Ocean University of China, the Yellow Sea Institute, and the Institute of Oceanography of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and has also demonstrated a strong scientific research force in the field of shrimp breeding.
Dai Ping, an associate researcher at the Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, said that as the largest amount of shrimp cultured in South America, the previous shrimp has always relied on foreign imports, and a pair of foreign shrimp is expensive, but it has to be bought.
In 2017, the first joint breeding platform in China, Bangpu Seed Industry Technology Co., Ltd., was established. The shrimp germplasm resources and breeding team of the Breeding Branch of the Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences assisted the company in launching the construction of a high-standard Genetics and Breeding Center for Penaeus vannamei in South America as the company's technical support force.
Through scientific research, domestic seedlings have made breakthroughs. At present, of the 12 new species of Penaeus vannamei identified in China, only the Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute occupies 2. In the traditional field of Chinese shrimp, Qingdao's scientific research strength is even more dominant. At present, there are 5 Chinese shrimp species recognized in China, all of which are selected and bred by the Yellow Sea Aquaculture Research. However, the scientific research force is strong, and the development of the seedling industry is relatively insufficient. The cultivation bases of scientific research institutes are mostly in cooperation with foreign enterprises, and there are still shortcomings in the development process in this regard.