Yan Jiaxin: Global elimination of dog-borne rabies by 2030: status quo and prospects (11) (reprinted)

2022-5-16 08:38 | Personal Classification: Rabies Prevention and Control | System Classification: Science Popularization Collection

https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-347754-1338732.html

Yan Jiaxin: Eliminating Dog-Borne Rabies Globally by 2030: Status Quo and Prospects (11) Turn

Eliminating dog-borne rabies globally by 2030: current status and prospects (11)

Foreword: A review paper published online on March 28 by seven authors from the United States, India, Australia, Nigeria and Peru in the professional journal Current Tropical Medicine Reports: Rabies in the Tropics (see References). This article provides a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of the current status and prospects of the implementation of the global plan to eliminate dog-borne rabies by 2030. This blog will introduce the main elements of the article in several parts.

Rabies in the Tropics

Table of Contents:

summary

1. Preface

2. Rabies in Africa

　　2.1 West Africa

　　2.2 East Africa

　　2.3 Southern Africa

　　2.4 Central Africa

3. Rabies in South and Southeast Asia

4. Rabies in the Americas

　　4.1 Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean

　　4.2 South America

5. Rabies in Australia

6. Conclusion

4. Rabies in the Americas (2)

4.2 South America

As in the rest of Latin America, by the end of the 20th century significant progress had been made in rabies prevention and control, thanks to a campaign focused on dog vaccination that began in 1983 on the continent. Long before the current target was launched in 2015, several countries had already achieved the elimination of cases of human rabies caused by dogs. For example, the last associated human case was reported in 1966 and the last case of canine rabies was reported in 1968. In, the last case of human rabies occurred in 1990. Canine rabies control was achieved in the 1990s, but there was another human case in 2008 and another sporadic case of canine rabies in 2020. In addition to rabies, most of South America is considered rabies-free. Human cases of canine rabies are still largely reported.

Rabies re-emerged in 2014, the South, and just a few months ago, it was declared rabies-free in the area. Efforts to control rabies outbreaks have not been successful. Six years after rabies was reintroduced, canine rabies re-emerged as a local endemic canine epidemic and is expanding. However, given the very effective use of PEP in humans, no human cases have been reported to date.

While many maintain effective monitoring systems and contribute to them, the intensity and quality of these activities are not uniform in different regions. Some countries ,e.g.) provide insufficient data, while weak monitoring in remote and less populated areas (e.g., indigenous communities in the Amazon Basin) leads to delayed or unreported reporting. As a result, epidemiological may occur in large areas), but due to the presence of vampire bats, it is unpredictable when livestock and human rabies outbreaks will occur.

In recent decades, while canine rabies management has been successful, wild animal rabies has also emerged in several parts of the continent. These cases are associated with a number of cases specific to human exposure and northern exposure, and to the north, and to the north). The route of transmission of human rabies is a common one) and it was the most important source of human cases in the 20th century. Major outbreak reports come primarily from and from. The RABV variant spread across most of the continents east of the Andes. From there, the area is the area with the heaviest burden of rabies in domestic animals. Losses to food, milk and leather production affect the economic incomes of large local livestock farmers and perpetuate rural poverty as a result of increased morbidity and mortality among small ruminants. It is the area most affected by the human rabies outbreak, including clusters of 10 to 20 deaths, until 2011, when large-scale programmes were launched in high-risk areas (see Figures 1, D). To date, this strategy has been successful in stopping human outbreaks in affected areas.

Considering that rabv in bats can lead to cross-species transmission, in and, becoming a related intermediate agent, this is due to the higher frequency of exposure of cat populations in areas where vampire bats and rabies are present, and humans can die by being exposed to rabies cats.

In addition to rabies, some reports suggest that across the American continent, spread between RABV may be more extensive, not just limited to and across the Continent. In order to confirm the emergence of these and other stockpile reservoirs, timely, locally laboratory-based monitoring and genetic characterization systems across the American continent are needed to be improved. In the Northeast, for example, a non-human primate) is now identified as a reservoir host for RABV, the only documented species in the world that has been causing outbreaks of rabies in humans for the past 30 years. This finding suggests that other wild animals may have emerged in the region as storage hosts for RABV. In this regard, recent reports have also suggested that a kind of relative may be a reservoir host and the emergence of RABV. With the emergence of human exposure cases, the public health risks are of concern and further molecular and epidemiological confirmation of the relevant areas is required.

Despite significant achievements, progress made throughout rabies prevention and control has been impacted by the current) pandemic, which has led to a reduction in canine vaccination activities in endemic areas and reduced access to primary care due to shortages of biomedical staff and supply chain constraints.

Historically, the American continent has been able to obtain rabies biologics through sponsored revolving funds. However, limited information on the risk of wild animal rabies and a lack of public health education prevent exposed people from obtaining appropriate, life-saving PEPs. The Americas are role models for Africa and Asia in achieving the Goals, and the Americas need to focus on addressing the above-mentioned problems if they are to make further progress in the future.

Bibliography:

Rupprecht, C.E., et al. Rabies in the Tropics. Curr Trop Med Rep (2022). Published online : 28 March 2022,

Yan Jiaxin: Eliminating Dog-Borne Rabies Globally by 2030: Status Quo and Prospects (11) Turn

Yan Jiaxin: Global elimination of dog-borne rabies by 2030: status quo and prospects (11) (reprinted)