First, the factors that formed the situation of the chaotic war between the masses at the end of the Han Dynasty and the division of local warlords
First of all, the Yellow Turban Rebellion at the end of the Han Dynasty, the local officials Haoqiang recruited troops to suppress it, and began to form political forces with military merits in the local and central governments.
Secondly, the suppression of qianghu foreign troubles in liangzhou in the northwest made the people's military service heavy burden, and made dong Zhuo, a military general in the northwestern border defense, sit on a large position and threaten the central government by disobeying the mobilization.
In the end, the eunuchs of the central imperial court fought for power and turmoil, and the border general Dong Zhuo took advantage of the situation to enter Beijing to control the imperial power. The imperial court and local officials Hao Qiang recruited troops to fight for Dong, Dong Zhuo was forced and kidnapped to retreat from Luoyang into Guanzhong, and was soon killed in the Guanzhong turmoil; the local official Hao Qiang of Kwantung relied on military force to fight for territory and opened a history of warlords dividing and merging. Overview of the history of figures related to Dong Zhuo's entry into Beijing and the War of Dong Zhuo: Foreign relative He Jin recruited Dong Zhuo and other local military generals to enter Beijing for eunuchs, and as a result, foreign relative He Jin was killed by eunuchs, and the eunuch forces were killed by the forbidden army led by Yuan Shao and Cao Cao, and Dong Zhuo entered Beijing to control the central government, deposed the emperor and deposed the young emperor and established the emperor. During the War of Dong around Luoyang (190-191), after a protracted stalemate and partial fighting, Dong Zhuo took the emperor hostage and retreated into Guanzhong, where he was soon killed by Situ Wang Yun and Dong Zhuo's bodyguard Lü Bu, and his subordinates Xi Liang were engaged in a melee in Guanzhong.
II. A summary of the history of the local warlords at the end of the Han Dynasty
The local warlord Hao Qiang was born from a local family bureaucracy, a military general, and a high official of the imperial family. 1. In a chaotic world, the bureaucrats of the large clan use their financial resources to recruit troops to have armed and expand their territory, such as Yuan Shao, Yuan Shu, cao Cao, or in the chaotic world, such as Liu Biao and Liu Yan. 2. The military forces will seize the territory with troops, including the Western Liang Army, the Northern Frontier Defense Force, or the local conscription and reorganization of the remnants of the Yellow Turban Army, such as Lü Bu, Zhang Xiu, Gongsun Zhan, Sun Jian, and Cao Cao. 3. Imperial clan officials or fallen imperial families, such as Youzhou Mu Liu Yu (killed by the military general Gongsun Zhan), Yizhou Mu Liu Yan, Liu Bei was born in the declining imperial family, and devoted himself to various local officials.
(1) South of the Yellow River in the Central Plains in the north: Yanzhou, Xuzhou, Yuzhou, Cao Cao, Lü Bu, Yuan Shu, Zhang Xiu, Tao Qian, Liu Bei and others annexed and fought, and finally basically unified by Cao Cao. In 196, Cao Cao supported the court of Emperor Xian, who had fled from Guanzhong to Kwantung, and later moved the capital to Xuchang to "blackmail the Son of Heaven to order the princes".
Overview of the events: 1. Cao Cao started as an official with the descendants of eunuchs in the imperial court (his father Cao Song was the adopted son of the eunuch Cao Teng) and the military merits of the Yellow Turban Rebellion, scattered wealth and recruited troops to participate in the War of Dong, occupied Yanzhou after the war, made his fortune by recruiting and compiling the Qingzhou Yellow Turban Army "Qingzhou Soldiers", competed with Lü Bu for Yanzhou and finally defeated Lü Bu, and conquered Xuzhou several times. 2. Lü Bu was defeated in the Guanzhong Turmoil, led some of his troops to flee to Kwantung, and was eventually defeated and captured by Cao Cao. 3. Yuan Shu relied on his family's strength to start from Nanyang, expanded his territory and fought with Lü Bu, Liu Bei, Cao Cao, etc., defeated And retreated to Shouchun in Huainan, and was defeated and killed on the way north. 4. Zhang Xiu was the nephew of Zhang Ji, a general of Dong Zhuo's army, who fled guandong to occupy Nanyang during the Guanzhong turmoil, and Zhang Xiu was finally surrendered after several conquests by Cao Cao. 5. Liu Bei was born into a declining imperial family, and Emperor Xian's uncle was later called "Emperor Liu", attached himself to Gongsun Zhan (Liu Bei and Gongsun Zhan were both students of Lu Zhi), assisted Shi TaoQian of Xuzhou to guard Xuzhou, and after Tao Qian's death, he was attacked and occupied by Lü Bu, and he was attached to the imperial court controlled by Cao Cao, and he used troops to recruit Yuan Shu to retake Xuzhou, to go north to yuan shao, and to rely on Liu Biao in the south.
(2) North of the Yellow River in the north: Jizhou, Hezhou, Qingzhou, Youzhou, Yuan Shao came from a family family, called for dong, after the war to occupy the city of Yicheng in Jizhou, expand the territory, and fight with Gongsun Zhan of Youzhou to finally defeat Gongsun Zhan, basically unifying the north of the Yellow River.
(3) South, southwest, Hanzhong: Yangzhou, Jingzhou, Yizhou, the north of the group of heroes divided and mixed, the south and southwest are relatively stable. Sun Jian was born as a military general in the southeast, participated in the conquest of the Yellow Turban Army and the War of Dong, his son Sun Ce went south to Yangzhou to initially seize the "Six Counties of Jiangdong", and Sun Ce's brother Sun Quan consolidated the foundation, conquered the southern Shanyue, and developed and expanded his power. Liu Biao, the assassin of Jingzhou, divided one side in the northern melee. Yizhou Liu Yan, Liu Zhang's father and son, Liu Yan served as a local official and Yizhou Pastor in the capacity of the clan, and liu Zhang succeeded him after his death. Zhang Lu of Hanzhong was a subordinate of Liu Yan of Yizhou, and was appointed to capture Hanzhong, and then divided Hanzhong, educating the people with five buckets of rice and establishing a local government that integrated the church and state.
Overview of character events: 6. Sun Jian fought bravely in the War of Dong, and then fought with Liu Biaobu and was killed. Sun Ce succeeded his followers and went south to Yangzhou to capture the "Six Counties of Jiangdong", where he was killed by the Enemy family. 7. Zhou Yu was born into a large family, was the same age as Sun Ce and befriended him, and assisted Sun Ce in capturing Lujiang and Yuzhang.
Third, the merger formed the three major forces of Cao Sun and Liu, and moved towards the situation of the establishment of the Three Kingdoms
In the Battle of Guandu (200), after a protracted confrontation along the Yellow River, Yuan Shao's internal instability and Cao Cao's opportunity took advantage of Cao Cao's internal instability, cao Cao took advantage of the opportunity to attack Yuan Shao's army's grain grain land Wuchao, And Yuan Shao's army was defeated, laying the foundation for the unification of the north.
Cao Cao then gathered strength to consolidate his interior and develop production through "juntun", while Yuan Shao's forces gradually split after Yuan Shao's death (202). Cao Cao gradually captured the north of the Yellow River, occupied the city of Yicheng (204) in Jizhou, and unified the north with Gao Gan (206), the nephew of Yuan Shao.
Cao Cao's conquest of Wuhuan in the north (summer 207): The rainlogged road was blocked, and the guide guided the "unexpected" out of Lulongsai (around Xifengkou), cao Cao's army forward met the large forces of Wuhuan at the White Wolf Mountain, taking advantage of the untidy position of the other side to "bravely attack and capture the king", and Zhang Liao's unified army launched an attack, killing the leader Ta Dun, and the Wuhuan troops surrendered.
Cao Cao's southern expedition, the Battle of Chibi (208), was defeated by Zhou Yu's water army and retreated to the north. Zhou Yu commanded the army in water warfare and defeated the Cao army with the help of wind and fire, and Cao Cao retreated to the north, thus laying the foundation for the establishment of the Three Kingdoms.
Jingzhou, Yizhou, and Hanzhong fought for annexation: After the Battle of Chibi, Liu Bei divided the territory and occupied the public security of Jingzhou's southern county. Liu Zhang of Yizhou asked Liu Bei to enter Sichuan to assist in defending Yizhou, and Liu Bei took advantage of the situation to capture Yizhou (214). Sun Quan and Liu Bei competed for Jingzhou, and Guan Yu and Lusu negotiated the "Demarcation of the Xiangshui Boundary" (215). Zhang Lu of Hanzhong surrendered Cao Cao (215) during Cao Cao's conquest, after which Liu Bei defeated Cao Cao's forces and captured Hanzhong (217-219).
Guan Yu's northern expedition to Cao Cao Xiangyang and Fancheng (219), Sun Quan's forces took advantage of the situation to sneak into Jiangling and Gong'an in Jingzhou's Southern Counties and capture Jingzhou. Liu Bei led his army out of Sichuan to take Jingzhou, and the Battle of Yiling was defeated by Sun Quan's general Lu Xun (221-222).
The three kingdoms eventually took shape: after Cao Cao's death, his son Cao Pi was proclaimed emperor through the "Zen Dynasty" (220 years); a year later Liu Bei was proclaimed emperor; after the Battle of Yiling, Sun Quan was called King of Wu, and in 229 Wuchang was proclaimed emperor, and then moved the capital to Jianye.
Fourth, heroic characters' speech and wisdom, military, ethnic, geographical and cultural interpretation
(1) "Things gather people in groups" Heroes pity each other: Cao Cao and Liu Bei "boiled wine on heroes" "heroes of the world, only jun and Cao Er!" Cao Cao's battlefield evaluated Sun Quan, "When you have a son, you should be like Sun Zhongmou, and Liu Jingsheng's son should be like a guinea pig!"
In terms of strategy, "wisdom": Zhuge Liang", "Longzhong" conformed to the general trend of history and made a policy for Liu Bei to "cross Jingyi, foreign knot Sun Quan, and two northern expeditions". Lu Su and Zhou Yu advocated the superiority of the water army during Cao Cao's southern expedition, and as a result, cao Cao was defeated at the Battle of Chibi. Xun Yu used the historical experience of the long-term confrontation between Liu Xiangxingyang and Chenggao in the Chu-Han struggle for hegemony, and with "lasting change" to strengthen Cao Cao's desperation in a protracted battle at Guandu, and finally defeated Yuan Shao.
(2) Military aspects - logistical basis, commander-in-chief strategy and will, generals "both wisdom and courage": 1. Logistics basis - raising military food, developing production, and protracted combat. At the end of the Han Dynasty, the Central Plains were destroyed by production after the Yellow Turban Rebellion and the War of Dong, and the army was short of grain. During cao cao's battles with Lü Bu and Yuan Shao, there were intermittent military conquests for several years, during which the rear raised military food and organized "military tuns" to resume production. The protracted war between the military two sides is also a confrontation of the wills of the commanders of both sides in the later stage. 2. Surprise - long-distance attack and mountain road attack, 3. Battlefield confrontation brave attack, capture the thief and capture the king. Later in the Battle of Guandu, wuchao was attacked. During Cao Cao's Northern Expedition to Liaodong Wuhuan, when the coastal road was difficult to travel due to heavy rain and mud, the guide guided the mountain road out of the jam. In the encounter at White Wolf Mountain, taking advantage of the enemy's unstable position, the fierce generals bravely attacked and rushed into the enemy position, captured the enemy leader, and the enemy army lost its leader and was defeated. 4. River and water warfare gives full play to the advantages of the water army to "defeat the enemy's short with the long", 5. Use natural (climate and wind direction, etc.) factors to defeat the enemy, and use strong will to serve the natural geography of mountains and rivers To march and transport grain. The battle of Chibi in the south exerted its water superiority and attacked with the help of wind and fire. In the Battle of Yiling, after Lu Xun's protracted defense, he took advantage of liu Bei's army to camp in the mountains and forests during the summer heat and organize a fire attack. Cao Cao marched north on Wuhuan, and the forward killed horses on the way out of Lulongsai to fill the hunger.
(3) Ethnic aspects: the northern and northwestern nomadic peoples, the central plains agricultural civilization, the southern Xiongnu at the end of the Han Dynasty were annexed and divided into five parts, and the northwest Qiang people began to move inland to Guanzhong.
Northern Xiongnu: At the end of the Han Dynasty, the Southern Xiongnu invaded the south and were defeated, and later annexed to Cao Cao and Cao Wei. In 216, Cao Cao jin enfeoffed the Wei capital Yecheng, the Southern Xiongnu Hu Jiquan was left in Yicheng after coming to pay homage, and the Xiongnu people were divided into five parts by Cao Cao, led by the Xiongnu nobles and set up the Han Sima ( 司馬).
Northwest Qiang people: Dong Zhuo entered the northwest side of Beijing to defend the air defense, and some Han Chinese people who were in turmoil in Guanzhong fled to Kanto, and the Qiang people gradually moved inland to Guanzhong.
The "Return of Wen Ji to Han" Incident and The Biography of Cai Wenji: In 207, Cao Cao sent someone to the Southern Xiongnu Zuoxian King to redeem Cai Wenji with a heavy amount of money. Cao Cao and Cai Yong respected his calligraphy and literature when they were officials in the same dynasty, and redeemed his daughter Cai Wenji from the Xiongnu. Cai Yong was a high-ranking Confucian official at the end of the Han Dynasty, who was killed by Dong Zhuobu during the Guanzhong rebellion, and Cai Wenji was abducted by the Xiongnu King Zuoxian who invaded the south, and had two sons in the twelfth year of the Xiongnu. After returning to the south, he married Dong Qi, and Dong Qi violated the law cai Wenji wholesale barefoot to intercede for her husband. Most of the ancient books in Cai Yong's home were lost due to the war, and Cai Wenji recorded and preserved hundreds of them from memory, and later generations circulated his five-word long poem "Poem of Sorrow and Indignation".
(4) Geography and culture - ancient and modern geographical names
1. Sun Ce captured the six counties of Jiangdong, and Sun Quan consolidated Jiangdong. "Six Counties of Jiangdong" (present-day Jiangdong, Zhejiang, Anhui and Gansu) - County: Wu County (Suzhou), Danyang (Nanjing), Huiji (Shaoxing), Lujiang (Anhui Lujiang, Qianshan), Yuzhang (Nanchang), Luling (Ji'an, Jiangxi).
2. After the Battle of Chibi, Sun Liu competed for Jingzhou Seven Counties of Jingzhou - County: Nanyang County, Nan Commandery (Xiangyang, Jiangling), Jiangxia (Ezhou), Lingling (Changde, Xiangbei), Wuling (Xiangxi Yongzhou), Changsha, and Guiyang (Xiangnan Chenzhou). The "Xiangshui Demarcation" Zhongnan County, Lingling, and Wuling belonged to Liu Bei, and Jiangxia, Guiyang, and Changsha belonged to Sun Quan.
3. Place names of the Three Kingdoms - Gong'an, Wuchang, Jianye: After the Battle of Chibi, Zhou Yu attacked Cao Ren and captured Nan County, Liu Bei occupied the south bank of the Yangtze River, and changed his name to Gong'an; Sun Quan moved the political center to Jiangxia County, renamed Wuchang (present-day Ezhou), taking the meaning of Wugong Prosperity; Sun Quan claimed that the empress dowager moved the capital Moling and changed his name to Jianye (present-day Nanjing), taking the meaning of establishing a great cause.