First, China
China is the world's largest developing country. In recent years, China's scientific and technological level has advanced by leaps and bounds and made great progress. China's main technologies leading the world are as follows, in no particular order.
1, thermonuclear upheaval - artificial sun: in 2006 by China independently developed the world's first artificial sun (full superconducting tokamak EAST nuclear fusion experimental device) successful commissioning, which is the most respected in the field of scientific development to solve the problem of human non-recyclable resources and environmental pollution the best way. The thermonuclear fusion is infinite energy, pollution-free, and radiological elements.
2, small UAV technology: China in the field of small UAVs, China's GPS positioning, ultra-long-distance automatic back-and-forth control orientation, the first global market share, the first global profit, the global continuous innovation ability continues to refresh the first. As of 2016, DJI has filed more than 1,500 patent applications and obtained more than 400 patent authorizations worldwide, covering areas such as structural design, circuit systems, flight stability, wireless communications and control systems for various parts of unmanned aerial vehicles. DJI drone once occupied more than 70% of the world drone market, and can be said to be the real leader in the world drone field
3, quantum communication technology: Mozi quantum satellite, quantum communication 2000 kilometers of Beijing-Shanghai trunk line, this is the only one in the world, China in this field has led the second place united States more than one position. China has also ushered in a new era of communication secrecy technology, with ultra-high concealment and high real-time efficiency.
4, China's bridge technology: China is known as the world's "bridge country". China is a world-renowned bridge-building kingdom, known as the "World Bridge Museum". In particular, the connection of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge has created a world-class Chinese construction project, which has been praised by the British "Guardian" as the "Seven Wonders of the New World". For example, the Hangzhou Bay Cross-Sea Bridge was once the longest bridge in the world and the bridge with the largest span in the world. China, a world-famous bridge, ranks among the top three.
5. AC/DC UHV technology: China's UHV technology and transportation technology are the leading in the world. China is the only country in the world to master and promote UHV transmission, and is in an absolute leading position in the field of UHV industry.
6. High-speed rail technology: China's high-speed rail combines Japan and France with its own technology and forms a complete set of technologies in the whole industrial chain of China's unique intelligent high-speed rail design, construction and operation. China's huge railway network, operating efficiency, operating speed, operational safety, all ahead of the world. For example, the Qinghai-Tibet Railway is the most difficult technology in the world for plateau railway technology.
7, laser manufacturing technology: China can now independently use laser molding to create a carbon alloy structure with an area of 12 square meters, and is also the only country in the world that has mastered the laser to create titanium carbon metal components.
8. Super Rice Technology: Presided over by Yuan Longping to participate in the super rice training and share the achievements of more than 10.5 tons per hectare, China's super rice has become the fifth largest invention in China.
9. Construction technology of giant hydropower station: The Three Gorges Water Conservancy Hub Project built in China represents the highest level of hydropower technology in the world.
10. Drainage and irrigation machine technology: The pumping machine installed in Vicuña Lake is 8 meters in diameter, and it is planned to install another machine with a diameter of 12 meters. Represents the highest level in the world.
11. Intelligent robot technology: The underwater crab system of the mainland is unique to the world.
12, silk technology: silk is a traditional Chinese technology. Dominate the world.
13. Desert control technology: China's desert control technology is the world's leading.
14, China's Tianyan: located in a remote county town in Guizhou, the "Chinese Tianyan" is currently the world's largest 500-meter aperture spherical radio telescope, 50 times more sensitive than the best in the West, the West said that China will become the first country to discover an alien civilization with new technology and equipment.
15, nuclear power clean energy technology: MIT commissioners once claimed: in the new generation of nuclear power energy developers, the United States and Europe have stagnated, but China has made a breakthrough, Hualong No. 1 nuclear power project, becoming the world's first third-generation nuclear power plant.
16. Wind power generation technology: China's installed wind power capacity reached 34.1% of the world, surpassing the United States and Europe. Not only in terms of quantity, but also the wind power equipment developed in China is also the best in the world, and Germany's largest wind power companies are purchasing technology and equipment from China.
17, solar power generation technology: In addition to China has the world's largest installed solar power generation capacity, it is also in the world's leading position in the research of the new generation of solar power generation technology.
18. Infrastructure engineering technology: China is known as the "infrastructure demon" in the world! In addition to the world's 91 high bridges, China accounts for 71 seats, and more importantly, China's infrastructure engineering technology is even bowed to Germany.
19, artificial intelligence: artificial intelligence is the most nervous area for Americans, China has performed very well, China has been on a par with the United States in this field.
20, supercomputer: China's supercomputers have maintained the top three in the world for many years, and the CPU of China Supercomputing is completely independently developed by China.
21. Liquid metals: In March 2015, a joint research team led by Liu Jing, a professor at Tsinghua University and a double-employed researcher at the Institute of Physics and Chemistry Technology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the School of Medicine of Tsinghua University, discovered an unusually unique phenomenon and mechanism, that is, liquid metals can move at high speed in the form of deformable machines for a long time after swallowing a small amount of material, realizing autonomous movement without external electricity. Later, China developed the world's first independent motion deformable liquid metal machine.
22, artificial cornea: according to the World Health Organization survey, corneal blindness is the second most general blind eye disease after cataracts. The State Food and Drug Administration once issued a medical device registration certificate for "Ai Xin Hitomi", which is a bioengineered cornea (acellular corneal matrix) independently developed by mainland scientists and has complete independent intellectual property rights. The world's first and only bioengineered cornea to complete clinical trials is on the market.
23, nonlinear optical crystals: China has developed the next generation of crystals, which is the core component of high-end lasers. KBe2BO3F2 (KBBF) is the only nonlinear optical (NLO) crystal capable of actually outputting a deep ultraviolet laser. LSBO crystal, a new beryllium-free deep UV nonlinear optical crystal material discovered by the Fujian Institute of Physical Structures in China, is expected to become an excellent candidate material for the next generation of deep ultraviolet nonlinear optical crystals. Fujing Technology has become a leader in nonlinear optics and laser crystals. The crystals of Fujing Technology are known as "Chinese brand crystals", and the largest one of them is a non-linear optical crystal! And the crystals of Fujing Technology are also used for quantum communication.
24, combustible ice: combustible ice is comparable to oil and gas supermaterials, and its reserves are twice as much as the total oil and gas. In 2017, the mainland's flammable ice trial mining in the Shenhu Sea in the northern South China Sea was successful. The Minister of Land and Resources announced the successful trial production of natural gas hydrates in China's waters for the first time.
25. Artemisinin
Artemisinin is a colorless needle-like crystal of sesquiterpene lactone extracted from the stem and leaf of the compound inflorescence plant Artemisia arbusus, with the molecular formula C15H22O5, discovered by Chinese pharmacist Tu Youyou in 1971. Artemisinin is the most effective antimalarial drug after etymethamine, chloroquine and primaquine, especially for cerebral malaria and antichloroquine malaria, with the characteristics of rapid action and low toxicity, and has been called "the world's only effective malaria treatment drug" by the World Health Organization.
26, Chinese artillery technology: is world-class, from the introduction of the Soviet Katyusha to the self-developed Guardian series of rocket launchers. This has left the United States behind in this area.
27, China Dragon fighter: in the world's ultra-light fighter field technology is first-class. Because developed countries develop medium and heavy fighters.
Historically, the scientific and technological activities of the Chinese nation have a long history, have made great contributions to human development, and have been in the center of the world science and technology stage until the mid-16th century. Eclipses have been recorded in oracle bones dating back more than 3,300 years. Published 2,500 years ago in the Warring States period, the Kao Gong Ji accurately records six different compositions of copper-tin alloys and their different uses. During the Western Han Dynasty in the early 1st century AD, Chinese invented papermaking, and around 105 AD, the Chinese scientist Cai Lun improved and improved the papermaking technology, so that the papermaking technology was rapidly popularized in China. Around the 3rd century AD, Chinese invented porcelain, a technique that spread to Persia in the 11th century, from where it spread to Italy and throughout Europe around 1470 via Arabia.
By the Tang Dynasty, Chinese scientists invented gunpowder and first used it in warfare in the 9th century AD. In the Song Dynasty in the mid-11th century, the compass and movable type printing techniques invented by Chinese scientists were widely used. In the mid-15th century, the Compendium of Materia Medica written by the Chinese physician Li Shizhen became the culmination of the development of ancient Chinese medicine. Up to this point, the development of ancient Chinese science has reached its peak, and the four major inventions have successively appeared on the stage of history. Dr. Joseph Needham, a famous British scientist, believes that China "maintained a level of scientific knowledge that the West could not hope for between the 3rd century and the 13th century", and many of the inventions applied in the modern Western world came from China, and China is a country of inventions.
Since the end of the 1460s of the Ming Dynasty, China has long implemented the policy of "closing off the country" to the outside world, which has affected the spread and development of modern science and technology in China and put it in a relatively stagnant state. At the same time, Europe became the birthplace of modern science, with rapid productivity and rapid progress in science and technology. China has gradually widened its distance from the world's advanced countries.
After the reform and opening up of China's scientific and technological development, it is moving from following and running to the era of "running, running and leading", progress and backwardness coexist, and achievements and shortcomings coexist. In the field of basic science in China, major scientific research infrastructure such as "Sky Eye", Shanghai Light Source, and Daya Bay Reactor Neutrino Experimental Device has been put into use, laying the foundation for world-class scientific research; research such as quantum anomalous Hall effect and multiphoton entanglement has reached the world's leading level. In the field of technology, key technologies in the industry such as manned spaceflight, deep-earth exploration, and supercomputing have developed and matured rapidly, and some large achievements and large projects are familiar to people; in terms of innovative applications such as instant communication, mobile payment, and unmanned supermarkets, Chinese technology enterprises, products and services have attracted the world's attention.
First, the United States
Aircraft manufacturing: The United States is the world's leading country in aircraft manufacturing. For example, the United States has a famous military aircraft manufacturer in the US military: one is Lockheed Martin: its many legendary aircraft include (F-16 fighter, F-22 stealth fighter, F-35 stealth fighter, F-117 stealth fighter, P-3 anti-submarine aircraft, S-3 patrol aircraft, U-2 reconnaissance aircraft, C-5 transport aircraft, C-130 transport aircraft, C-141 transport aircraft, "Marine Corps I" presidential helicopter); second, Boeing: B-1 bomber, B-52 bomber, P-8 anti-submarine aircraft, E-3 early warning aircraft, E-737 early warning aircraft, E-4 command aircraft, E-6 command aircraft, C-17 transport aircraft, C-40 transport aircraft, KC-10 tanker, KC-135 tanker,
KC-767 tanker, YAL-1 airborne laser, Air Force I, Presidential aircraft, C-32 ESSENTIALs, X-45 unmanned combat aircraft, F-15 fighter, F/A-18 fighter, AV-8 attack aircraft, T-45 trainer aircraft, AH-64 gunship, CH-46 transport helicopter, CH-47 transport helicopter, V-22 partial wing aircraft; third, Northrop Grumman: B-2 stealth bomber, E-2 early warning aircraft, E-8 early warning aircraft, E-10 early warning aircraft, EA-6 electronic warfare, KC-30 tanker, X-47 unmanned combat aircraft. Another example is the Global Hawk The X37B space plane of the United States completed the 718-day orbit around the Earth program and broke the record, this sky plane is an unmanned sky plane built by Boeing, and this technology is currently the United States in the world far ahead of all other countries.
2, aircraft engines and engine parts manufacturing: the world's three largest aero-engine companies General Electric Company, the United Kingdom Rolls-Royce Company, Pratt Whitney Group Of Companies, two of which are from the United States. The longest established is the United States General Electric, born in 1892, has a history of more than 100 years, the founder is the famous "king of invention" Edison. Pratt & Whitney, a giant in the United States, was very famous during World War II, and was the largest aircraft manufacturer and global supplier of aero engines during World War II.
After the war, he single-handedly pulled American civil aviation into the jet age, providing aviation for famous American fighters such as the F-15, F-16, Big hornet, F-22 and so on. It can be said that the strongest level of the United States has been broken by the United States itself, and the development concept of the United States for the new fighter is to first launch and then the fighter, so when the American fighter is developed, it will not face the situation that the performance of the aircraft cannot keep up, but the most suitable is selected in a variety of alternatives. The only countries in the world that can independently develop high-performance aero engines are a few countries such as the United States, Russia, Britain, and France, and the technical threshold is very high.
3, semiconductor technology: the number one semiconductor company in the United States is Intel Corporation (Intel) is the world's largest semiconductor company, but also the world's first company to launch x86 architecture processor. Intel also develops motherboard chipsets, network cards, flash memory, graphics chips, embedded processors, and products related to communication and computing. The "Intel Inside" advertising slogan and the Pentium family of processors were very successful in the 1990s to promote intel brand name. In the 1990s, Intel made considerable investments in new microprocessor designs and cultivated the rapidly rising PC industry. During this period Intel became the leader in the supply of PC microprocessors,
4, electronic computer manufacturing: the United States is one of the world's former computer powers. For example, the American supercomputer Summit has a computing power of 200 PFlops, that is, about 2 billion times per second, and the speed has become the fastest machine. For example, IBM's Summit supercomputer was over-developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in the United States, which uses a Power9 cpu and NVIDIA Tesla V100 graphics processor, with 4,068 servers and 10PB of system memory, which can perform 200,000 trillion calculations per second, that is, 200 petaflops.
The United States has always strived to maintain its "one-superpower" position in the field of computer computers. The computer industry was once a strategic industry in the United States, and the strategic goal of the United States is to make its computer industry occupy and maintain a leading position in the world. In order to maintain the leading position of the information industry in international competition.
The United States has always tried and maintained its leading position in the field of supercomputers. As early as 2002, when Japan announced that the ultra-high-speed computer developed by Japan (NEC's "Earth Simulator") was 5 times faster than the speed of the world's fastest supercomputer (that is, the ASCIWhite system in the United States) at that time, the U.S. government proposed a strategy for developing ultra-high-speed computers in a short period of time, and established a supercomputer center for open scientific and engineering research at Oak Ridge Laboratories.
In order to occupy the commanding heights of network and information technology in the 21st century, the US government also launched a number of cross-century development plans at the end of the 20th century, such as the 1000 trillion supercomputer plan, the development of future chips, and the development of 10 high-tech electronic technologies by 2010. In the future, the storage capacity of the chip will be 1000 times that of the fastest chip at that time, and the microcomputer system using this chip will also run at 100 times the speed of the fastest microcomputer at that time.
5. Manufacture of cruise missiles and space equipment
The United States is one of the world's great powers in cruise missile manufacturing. Cruise missiles are one of the missiles. It flies mainly in a cruising state in a dense atmosphere, which was formerly known as a flying missile. After the cruise state guide bomb is accelerated by the rocket booster, the thrust and resistance of the main engine are balanced, and the lift and gravity of the wings are balanced, and the state of nearly constant speed and constant altitude flight is realized.
8. Manufacture of cruise missiles and space equipment propulsion units and propulsion unit parts
The United States is a global leader in cruise missile and space equipment and components technology. For example, the propulsion unit is a missile that uses power to propulse and use the wings to generate lift, and most of the power source is the jet engine. Simply put, cruise missiles are flying bombs. They can carry conventional warheads or nuclear warheads and can range up to hundreds of miles. Modern cruise missiles can fly at supersonic or subsonic speeds, have self-guidance capabilities, and can also evade radar detection in a non-ballistic form of flight path.
9. Manufacture of military armored vehicles, tanks and tank parts
Usually tanks are generally equipped with several anti-aircraft (anti-aircraft) or coaxial (side-by-side) machine guns and a medium or large caliber artillery, which is a classic embodiment of fighting with firepower. Most tanks use rotating turrets, but a few use fixed main guns. Tanks are mainly composed of weapon systems, aiming systems, power systems, communication systems, armored hulls and other systems.
10, nuclear power generation: the U.S. nuclear industry involves about 500,000 indirect jobs, creating an annual output value of about 40-50 billion US dollars. The United States has nearly 100 nuclear reactors in use, with a total installed capacity of about 100GW. Nuclear power plants have the highest installed capacity (annual generation time) of all power plants, accounting for about 20% of the annual electricity generation in the United States, and are the most important source of zero-carbon electricity in the United States. The United States is the world's largest nuclear power country (generating more than 800 TWh of electricity, or 30% of the world's total), more than twice as much as France, the second place. However, France's nuclear power generation accounts for more than 70% of the country, ranking first, and was once one of the countries with the lowest carbon emission intensity of electricity. The United States currently has two reactors under construction with a total capacity of about 2500MW.
11. AI Voice Dialogue: The United States is one of the top powers of artificial intelligence. For a long time, the goal of interaction between humans and computers was the hope that there would be a natural dialogue between the two, just like two people talking to each other. In recent years, computers' ability to understand and generate natural speech has revolutionized, thanks to technologies based on deep neural networks such as Google Voice Search and WaveNet.
12, the Internet industry: the United States is the world's first contact with the Internet industry. For example, the world's most famous companies such as Google and Apple are all in the United States, and the World's Top 500 companies once occupied half of the country. In the first industrial revolution, Britain became a world superpower, but in the second industrial revolution and the third industrial revolution are the United States occupies the global dominant position, it is worth mentioning that in the third industrial revolution, the computer information industry, also originated from the United States, therefore, these industries also support the United States as the world's first economic power status.
Silicon Valley in the United States gathered 9324 high-tech companies at that time, of which 60% were IT-based industrial companies, such as Cisco, Solar Microsystems, HP, Netscape, Intel and other world-famous companies. The miraculous development of Silicon Valley's information industry has a close relationship with the government. The government has played a role as a catalyst and lubricant by protecting and mobilizing the enthusiasm of entrepreneurs through various means, such as relaxing support policies, clarifying property rights, and allowing technical shares.
13, biotechnology industry: the United States biological product sales accounted for more than 90% of the world, the United States biotechnology started relatively early, the development is also very perfect, the United States biotechnology has the world's most advanced technical level, the largest technical achievements reserves, and formed a complete industrial chain, biotechnology human resources are very sufficient. The United States once accounted for more than 90% of the world's biological product sales, and owned more than half of the world's biotechnology companies and biological patents. Amgen Inc., the world's largest biotech company, is a global leader in biopharmaceuticals. According to Forbes, Amgen was once the world's largest biotech company in 2018.
14. Information industry: The development of the information industry in the United States is characterized by its industrial competitiveness leading the world, the level of technological innovation in the first place, and great emphasis on controlling the commanding heights of standards. The United States is the first country in the world to formulate a national information industry strategy and the most to promulgate a national information industry policy. The United States leads the world in the number of invention patents in the field of information technology. It accounts for 67.4% of the world total.
The United States has the most powerful information industry in the world, and the United States has long promoted the principle of industrial voluntariness and American standards to the world, which is undoubtedly obviously beneficial to the US information industry. In 1987, the United States persuaded the two major international organizations of ISO and IEC to establish the "First Joint Committee on Information Technology International Standards", which won a dominant position for the United States in the formulation of international information technology standards;
As early as 1991, president Bush submitted a report to Congress entitled "National Key Technologies" to The United States, of which 7 of the 22 high-tech development plans in 6 major fields mentioned in the report "Key Technologies of the Nation" were listed separately. The report put forward general requirements for the development of information technology in the United States in the 90s and was an important support for its ability to maintain its global technological leadership.
15. Nanotechnology: The United States has the world's leading nanotechnology, and the United States enjoys great advantages in the field of nanotechnology and applied research, and has always been at the forefront of the world. Compared with the United States, many countries are mainly in the basic research stage of nanotechnology.
The United States developed its national plan for nanotechnology later than Japan, but came to the fore and achieved outstanding results. In 1991, the United States officially listed nanotechnology in the "National 22 Key Technologies" and "Strategic Technologies in 2005"; In 1997, the U.S. Department of Defense raised nanotechnology to the level of strategic research; From 1996 to 1998, more than a dozen government agencies led by the National Science Foundation jointly funded and commissioned the "World Center for Technology Evaluation" of LOYOLA College.
According to the results of the investigation and research, the US President's Council of Scientific Advisers believes that nanotechnology is the first economically significant scientific and technological revolution that the United States will experience since World War II that does not have an absolute lead. It is worth mentioning that the United States believes that if it is to continue to maintain its economic leadership and ensure its national security in the 21st century, it will need to significantly and steadily increase investment in nanotechnology research and development in the next 10 to 20 years.
The report argues that the NNI is a cross-sectoral systems engineering that ensures U.S. dominance in this emerging field, which will be an important guarantee that the United States can maintain its world economic and national security leadership in the first half of the 21st century. American nanotechnology experts have tried to make nanoscale semiconductor materials into transistors, so that more transistors can be accommodated on a chip. The computing speed of this chip is expected to be thousands of times higher than that of traditional silicon chips.
In the field of cancer research, sensors made of nanotechnology in the United States are expected to make the early diagnosis of various cancers a reality. As a result, U.S. investment in nano research has grown steadily, and fruitful research results have been achieved around the world.
The United States is leading the world technology is mainly high-tech technology, the above is only the tip of the iceberg, the United States is not only very developed in the military, in many technical fields is also in a leading position in the world, there is no doubt that this is inseparable from the United States' strategy of attaching importance to scientific and technological talents. In summary, the high-tech technology of the United States brings together the following:
1, Qualcomm: high-end chips.
2, Boeing: aero engine.
3. Lock martin: defense military strategic equipment.
4, Tesla: high thrust rocket.
5. Brother Gu: Artificial intelligence.
6. Mobil: Petroleum smelting. Shale gas mining.
7. Medicine and medical equipment in the United States.
8. Biological sciences, life sciences in the United States.
9. Optical instruments in the United States. High score lens.
10. Nanomaterials in the United States. Absorbing coatings.
11. Precision bearings in the United States.
12. GpS in the United States.
13. Anti-missile system. Aegis.
14. Nuclear weapons, and nuclear aircraft carriers, nuclear submarines.
15. High-end measurement, precision measuring tools.
16, powder gold, lead alloy, carbon fiber.
17, supercomputing (currently the first).
18. Software, Android system.
19. Internet root server.
20. Aircraft carrier battle group, carrier-based aircraft.
It is worth mentioning that the United States has a large number of technical standards, the use of patents, licensing and transfer, intellectual property rights. Due to the strength of science and technology, finance, military, industry, and so on in the United States, the United States is often associated with war hegemony, financial hegemony, scientific research hegemony, education hegemony, economic evaluation hegemony, cultural hegemony, agricultural hegemony, world strategic hegemony, civil hegemony, foreign trade hegemony, national ideological hegemony, national strategic hegemony, and foreign policy hegemony.
Third, Russia
Russia's top technology is mainly reflected in aerospace and military. This is also the capital of Russia as a world power. Russia can be said to be particularly prominent in the global military field. For example, the stealth technology of Russian aircraft: the stealth technology of Russian aircraft is the world's leading. It is well known that the United States uses the method of changing the shape of the aircraft or touching the paint, but this will sacrifice the other combat performance of the aircraft. For example, the American F117 stealth fighter is still subsonic. Russia, on the other hand, is taking a unique path: plasma invisibility. Installing plasma generators on aircraft to generate ionizing gas absorption or changing the direction of radar waves for stealth purposes, and sacrificing other properties, such as the MiG-1.44, is technically more difficult.
Another example is Russia's space weapons. At present, in a sense, only Russia has a real sense of combat anti-satellite satellites and space-based missiles.
Russian Ka-50 helicopter. The coaxial reverse twin-rotor layout is the only helicopter in the world that uses an ejection life-saving system. Russian missiles, such as the Ruby anti-ship missile, can reach 5 times the speed of sound and have little reaction time for warships, including aircraft carriers. Similar missiles in other countries do not exceed 3 times the speed of sound.
One of the unchallenged positions of the Russian aviation industry is the Bei 200 - the jet-powered large seaplane is Russia's only leading aviation technology in the world. The Be00 is designed by the Beriev Design Bureau, the only company in the world engaged in the development of jet seaplanes.
Russia not only has the world's most advanced anti-aircraft missile systems, intercontinental missiles, short-range missiles, air-to-air missiles, especially in the field of anti-ship is quite advanced, such as the world-famous granite, basalt, club, sunburn, Brahmos and other types of anti-ship missiles. Russia is the country with the largest nuclear submarine force outside the United States. Russia's land-based nuclear weapons, mainly military railway missile systems, are commonly said to be missile trains that are also the world's first.
Russia in some of the space technology, such as energy launch vehicle, Proton carrier rocket, the United States also bought Russia's PD-180 rocket engine, Russia in the space of kerosene engine is the world's first. For example, Russia has the world's largest bomber, the Tu-160, which is 80% faster than the American B-1 bomber and nearly 35% larger than the B-1 bomber. The Tu-160 has nearly 45 percent more range than the B-1 bomber. For example, Russia's largest ballistic missile submarine, the Typhoon-class nuclear submarine, is by far the largest submarine built by humans in the world.
Once 45% of the world's spacecraft launch missions were carried out by Russia, Russia's spacecraft launch technology maintains a world-leading position. Russia once shared about 40% of the world's spacecraft launch market, and with the addition of various spacecraft launched jointly by Russia and Ukraine from maritime launch platforms, Russia carried out a total of 45% of the world's spacecraft launches. ”
The United States used Russian spacecraft to transport American astronauts to the International Space Station. Especially after 2010, Americans will take Russian spacecraft to the International Space Station. The Russian Federal Space Agency will continue to develop the Russian Space Exploration Strategy, which will continue until 2040.
Russia is a global leader in the field of basic research, military and aerospace technology. In terms of basic research, Russia inherited "the world's first-class science" from the Soviet Union. Due to insufficient investment, Russia's basic research level has lagged behind that of the United States, but it still ranks among the most advanced countries in the world. In recent years, Russia has basically maintained the integrity of its overall science and technology, and has achieved dozens of world-class scientific research achievements in basic research. Under very difficult material conditions, the Russian Academy of Sciences has completed about 5,000 research projects. Russia has world-class scientific results in almost all aspects of basic research, including research that would not have been possible without years of costly observation.
For example, the Russian Academy of Sciences has achieved scientific research achievements of the world's advanced level in the fields of microelectronics and nanoelectronics, new electro-optical mapping processes, high-temperature superconductivity, chemistry, astrophysics, supercomputers, molecular biology, meteorology, etc.; major breakthroughs in the field of nuclear lasers in physical numbers; russian scientists have successively synthesized superweight elements No. 114 and No. 166 on the periodic table of elements in the laboratory. Undoubtedly, all this shows that Russia is still a relatively powerful country in the scientific and technological competition for the 21st century. In particular, the fact that the Western countries, led by the United States, have spared no effort to extract Russia's scientific and technological talents and achievements is enough to prove this point in itself.
In terms of high-tech research, Russia still maintains an advanced position and many original technologies in many fields due to past accumulation and efforts in various fields. According to a survey by the Russian Ministry of Industry and Science and Technology, among the 50 major technologies that determine the strength of developed countries in the world today, Russia can compete with Western developed countries in 12-17 of them, such as cutting-edge aerospace technology and new material technology.
It is worth mentioning that Russia has built the world's largest number of nuclear power plants abroad. Russia's nuclear power highly enriched uranium production and nuclear fuel exports are the world's leading, and the Russian Atomic Energy Corporation accounts for 40% of the world uranium enrichment service market and 17% of the nuclear power plant fuel export market; it is worth mentioning that Russia has the world's most advanced spent fuel treatment and recovery technology.
Russia is the world's largest country (17.1 million square kilometers), and the direct result is that it has the world's largest drinking water and forestry resources.
Russia has proven and proven gas and diamond reserves first in the world. Russia has nearly 25% of the world's natural gas reserves, ranking first in the world, with about 17% of the world's reserves, and Russia's leading position in this field is undisputed. Diamond mining and production was one of the earliest mining sectors in Russia, beginning with the discovery of diamonds in the Ural gold mines in 1867. At present, Russia has mined diamonds in the world leading the way in terms of diamond production and total value.
According to HackerRank's rankings, Russia and China alternately hold the world's number one position in software development; Russia is the undisputed leader in algorithm development.
Russian mathematicians solved the Poincaré conjecture. The Russian mathematician Grigori Perelman solved one of the puzzles of the Millennium Prize in 2003. Since 1991, a total of 6 Russian mathematicians (who are or have lived in Russia) have won the Fields Medal, the highest award in mathematics. They were Yefim Zelmanov, Maxim Koncevich, Vladimir Voyevodsky, Grigory Perelmann, Andrei Okunkov and Stanislav Smirnov.
It is worth noting that the Russian mathematician Grigory Perelmann proved the Poincaré conjecture in 2002-2003, which is the earliest and only one of the seven "millennium problems" in mathematics that has been solved at present (2020).
Russia has achieved great success in many fields of physics and remains a world leader. Since 1991, five Russian physicists (who are or have lived in Russia) have been awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics. They were Joles Alfirov, Alexei Abrikosov, Vitaly Günzburg, Konstantin Novostorov and Andrei Heim (Heim was born in Sochi, Russia, of German descent and considered himself a European). It is worth mentioning that more than 700 Russian scientists were involved in the construction of the Large Hadron Collider. The hypothesis of the existence of pentaquark particles proposed by Dmitry Tiakonov, Viktor Petrov and Maxim Polyakov as early as 1997 was confirmed in 2015 with the help of the Large Hadron Collider.
Russian physicists also lead the world in nuclear fusion energy, plasma physics, gravity astronomy, radio astronomy and other fields. It is safe to say that Russia has the best school of physics in the world.
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