When it comes to Westerners, one of their characteristics is their adventurous spirit.
In the field of medicine, their adventurous spirit has been perfectly inherited, and many creepy "experimental" innovations have occurred; today, we will look at how these innovations have subverted people's perceptions.
Electric drill bits
In 1953, William, a Canadian surgeon, admitted a patient with epilepsy.
The patient's name was Molaison, a handsome young man with a gentle personality, but unfortunately suffered from severe epilepsy.
Somehow inspired, Dr. William confirmed that Moleson's epilepsy was caused by the hippocampus and amygdala in his brain; so Dr. William decisively drilled through Mollaison's skull with an electric drill and removed half of the hippocampus and most of the amygdala from the sides of his brain.
The surgery seemed to have been successful — Morlaison's seizure probability was greatly reduced (not completely cured).
However, Molaisen also paid a great price: he lost the ability to form new memories.
That is to say, Morrison could never remember who the man he had just spoken to was; even the doctor who met every day, every time he came to the door of his ward, was a stranger to him.
On the contrary, after moving to a new home, he can remember the address and layout of the new home.
Some say that Mollaison is locked in an "eternal present" – it seems ridiculous that he can effortlessly "live in the moment" forever...
For this surgery, which is not fully theoretically supported, its significance (nothing about epilepsy) is to let scientists understand the central role of the hippocampus in the formation of memory.
Poor Mauleson!
Crazy frontal lobectomy
In the 1880s, the Swiss physician Gaurit removed 18 grams of tissue from a woman's brain and managed to turn her from a "dangerous and excited lunatic" into a "quiet lunatic."
Despite not receiving any miraculous results, Gaurett was persistent—he performed the same surgery on five of his patients.
The result was even more unfortunate this time—three of them died and two of them developed epilepsy ever since—so that the adventurous doctor had to give up his attempts (and finally no one was victimized).
Although Gaulett's surgery was not successful, it did not prevent it from bringing "inspiration" to others.
Fifty years later, a Portuguese professor of neurology named Moniz instructed his students to do something to several "patients" without knowing what the consequences of the operation would be.
You know, Moniz never really performed surgery, and the surgery he tried was never experimented on any animal.
Although the results of the operation were not successful—his patients, indeed, became less violent, but fell into another irreversible and huge character deficit; however, this did not prevent him from inventing frontal lobar amputation, for which he won the Nobel Prize in 1949.
However, the craziest man more than Moniz is still to come.
In the United States, a doctor named Freeman heard about Moniz's "deeds" and became his most heartfelt preacher.
Over the next 40 years, Freeman embarked on his own "surgical parade"—phobias, drunks picked up on the streets, homosexuals, and anyone who was brought before him who would undergo his surgery voluntarily or forced to do so.
During a visit, Freeman cut a record number of frontal lobes from 225 people, including a 4-year-old, in 12 days.
Dr. Freeman's frontal lobectomy, note that all people are without gloves and masks
And Freeman's surgical method is even more daunting to some other doctors - in a letter to his son, Freeman easily wrote:
"I stunned them with an electric shock, and while they were under anesthesia, I passed an ice pick between the eyeball and the face of the eye through the top of the orbit, into the frontal lobe of the brain, and then swung the thing from side to side to disconnect the frontal lobe..."
You know, he used a hammer to knock the ice pick into the brain of the "patient", no wonder an experienced surgeon at New York University was directly frightened and fainted when watching Freeman's surgery...
It's also worth mentioning that Freeman did not have the surgical qualifications of a surgeon.
In this way, he never wears a mask and gloves during the operation, which seems to become "understandable".
Then again, what about Freeman's achievements? Unfortunately, two-thirds of the patients did not benefit or get worse, and another 2% died as a result.
What made Freeman most famous was a 23-year-old girl, Rosemary, who was the sister of President Kennedy.
This was a somewhat stubborn and wayward, but also very lively and active girl; after a wayward emotion angered her father, his father did not consult anyone and asked Freeman to perform a frontal lobe cut for her.
The results were unsatisfactory—for 64 years after the operation, she had to live in a nursing home, unable to speak, incontinent; and in the end, even her mother, who loved her the most, did not want to see her again—it was pitiful.
Give yourself some sheep's blood?
In the 1670s, several brilliant scientists became interested in whether they could save lives from human blood transfusions (did medical development depend only on the interests of scientists), and bloody experiments began.
In November 1667, Raul, England, in the presence of the Royal Society of London, injected about half a pint of sheep's blood into the arm of the volunteer Arthur without any research.
You heard that right, it's definitely sheep's blood! And there are definitely volunteers!
Leonardo da Vinci drew a map of human blood circulation, and he was one of the first people to dissect the human body
Fortunately, the volunteer did not respond; and, two weeks later, the same experiment was conducted again.
The result was equally surprising—Arthur still didn't have any adverse reactions.
Why was Arthur so lucky? No one can explain; but, very unfortunately, the success of the experiment has emboldened other scientists in Europe...
More and more creative experiments began—all kinds of livestock blood, milk, wine, beer, even mercury— as if anything could be put into the veins.
The result was a tragic urge for the volunteers to die almost all of them in infinite pain, which greatly embarrassed all those present.
What's the use of embarrassment? Can only admire their thinking so broad!
If this experiment had not been banned, it is unknown how many people and how many unknown liquids would have been tried one by one in the human body.
Ironic gallbladder removal
Because there are too many important organs and arteries concentrated in the upper abdomen, until the 19th century, surgeons still did not dare to use knives there.
But a strange and great man appeared—Hasteed.
In 1882, as a young surgeon, he performed cholecystectomy on his mother at his own dinner table when he could not be sure whether a person would survive the loss of the gallbladder.
Including Hasteed's mother herself, there was nothing known about the consequences and the procedure — her son had a chloroform-soaked handkerchief over her face, so she was a little luckier than those who had done frontal lobectomy before her, at least "anesthetized."
(Chloroform, which has a certain anesthetic effect, is toxic and carcinogenic.) ）
Anyway, Hasteed's mother did recover from the surgery, which was a happy ending.
But now that he is mentioned, there is misfortune here – 40 years later, cholecystectomy has become a common procedure, and his inventor, Hasteed, died of his own gallbladder removal surgery.
What a sarcasm!
Raw stones
Finally, let's look at a surgery with a relatively high success rate.
Over the past few hundred years, stones have arguably been a disease that has plagued patients and doctors a lot; especially for patients, the pain they have to endure can be unimaginable and daunting.
The most famous lithotripsy in history belongs to the nightmare that the diarist Peppis experienced in 1658 and at the age of 25, an experience he could not forget in his lifetime.
It was surgeon Hollier who performed the operation on Pepis. He first had four strong men hold Pepis deadly, then inserted a device called the Pilgrimage Road from his Tintin and straight into the bladder to hold the stone in place.
17th century lithotripsy
Next, Hollier took a scalpel and quickly and cleverly (for Pepis, it should be painful) cut a large three-inch(7-and-a-half centimeter) inlet in his perineum; then he cut the incision open, into Peppis's exposed, trembling bladder, and reached into a pair of duck-billed forceps and clamped the stones to remove it...
For Peppis, the only luck that Dr. Hollier moved quickly — the entire procedure lasted only about 50 seconds.
However, it is said that his stones grew to about the size of a tennis ball...
Although the surgery was successful, Pepis had to recover from being bedridden for several weeks and left a psychological shadow that would accompany him for the rest of his life.
Think about how Pepis's bowel movements were solved during bed rest.
I can't imagine...
Or that sentence - don't get sick with anything!
Fortunately, the current medicine has been very developed, and the ancients were too pitiful!
#历史 #