"Yellow", "Stone", "Wide" for "Min"
Sun Fayou
Yellowstone is associated with ore. Perhaps it is a coincidence in the dark, as early as the ancestors of the creation of the word, yellowstone and ore have been fused into one. In the "Explanation of Words", the ancient character for "mine" is "sulphur", and Xu Shen's "Explanation of Words" is interpreted as: "Sulphur, copper and iron Pu Shi also." Literally, according to the ancient people's habit of reading from right to left, that is, the words "yellow" and "stone", which together mean "copper and iron ore". The traditional character "礦", which is still in popular use, makes a more clear annotation to the local characteristics of Huangshi: "yellow", "stone", "guang" as "min", and then explain it more popularly, that is, huangshi is full of ore.
The relationship between Yellowstone and ore is mainly reflected in geographical advantages. Turning over the mineral resources map, it is found that the distribution of the main iron ore resources in the mainland has formed a main line: northeast mining area (Benxi, Anshan, Baiyun Ebo) - North China mining area (Xuanhua, Qian'an, Handan) - East China mining area (Wuhu, Nanjing) - Central and southern mining area (Daye, Tieshan, Wuyang) - Southwest mining area (Panzhihua, Shilu). Yellowstone sits at the inflection point of this golden line of iron ore veins from north to south and from east to west. Among the iron ore resources in the mainland, 80% are poor ore, only the Daye, Tieshan ore and Hainan Shilu mining areas in the Huangshi area are rich ore, especially the ore content in the Huangshi mining area is generally about 50%, the highest reaches 65%; and some are symbiotic iron ore and copper ore. Among them, the world-famous Daye copper green mountain area is rich in copper and iron ore resources, where the copper content of ore in the oxidation enrichment zone can reach 5%-8%, mainly including malachite, hematite, natural copper and so on.
Huangshi, located in southeastern Hubei, is full of treasures. According to the survey, 64 kinds of metals, non-metals, energy and water and gas minerals have been found in its territory. Among them, metal ore includes iron, manganese, gold, silver, copper, tungsten, molybdenum, zinc, lead, cobalt, etc.; rare element minerals include germanium, gallium, thallium, indium, selenium, tellurium, etc.; non-metallic ore include phosphorus, sulfur, potassium-containing rock, limestone, barite, calcite, lapis lazuli, bentonite, gypsum, wollastonite, etc.; fuel ore has coal. The quality of wollastonite ranks second in the world. Wei Shikun, former deputy chief engineer of the Southeast Hubei Geological Brigade, introduced: "Within the more than 2,000 square kilometers centered on the copper green mountain, more than 4 million tons of copper reserves have been identified, more than 300 tons of gold reserves, and about 300 million tons of iron ore." ”
Huangshi not only enjoys unique mineral resources, but also has the greatest mining and metallurgical civilization of mankind. The ancient mining and smelting site of The Patina Mountain is the symbol of this great civilization.
In the autumn of 1973, the copper green mountain miners of Daye Nonferrous Metals Company found 13 copper axes in mining production, the largest one was 3.5 kg. Digging deep along the perimeter of the copper axe, a fascinating scene gradually unfolded in front of the world: the site was about 2 kilometers long from north to south and about 1 kilometer wide from east to west. 7 underground mining areas and nearly 400 mining well lanes were excavated; 3 ancient smelting sites and a number of copper smelting furnaces were found, with a total of more than 400,000 tons of ancient slag. After testing, the acidity of the slag is suitable, and the copper content is only 0.7%, indicating that the copper smelting technology of the mainland at that time has reached a fairly high level. Expert research concluded that the ancient mining and smelting site of Daye Copper Green Mountain was a copper mining and smelting site from the early Shang Dynasty to the Han Dynasty in China.
"Guangming Daily" reporter Fan Yunfang described the magnificent momentum of the ancient mining and metallurgical site of The Copper Green Mountain in this way: Unveiling the curtain of more than 3,000 years of metallurgical history, comparable to the Qin Terracotta Warriors, and another world's largest - the ancient mining and metallurgical site of the Copper Green Mountain is displayed in the world:
More than 400 shafts, inclined alleys and thousands of flat alleys and blind alleys crisscross and overlap layer by layer; in the mine, the whole wood carved drainage trough meanders and connects in all directions; the logs are joined or folded into a fixed square frame to support the well wall; the wooden winch used to enhance the ore is ingeniously structured and exquisitely made...
A professor at The Kunming Institute of Technology touched the well wall and said with tears: "We are now giving college students about the pick-and-roll frame support, giving the example of The United Kingdom two hundred years ago, and did not expect that our ancestors solved this problem two thousand years ago." "Our ancestors were 1800 years old.
Peeling open a corner of the mountain of ancient slag, archaeologists found eight smelting furnaces in the Spring and Autumn Period. It is inconceivable that these 2800-year-old furnaces already have the prototype of modern blast furnaces, and the copper content in the slag is only seven thousandths.
Smith, a 78-year-old professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the United States, got out of the car and exclaimed: "What a smart people! I see here things that are not seen anywhere else in the world. Some other scholars believe that the excavation of the ancient mining and smelting site of Patina Mountain is a major event in the history of world metallurgy, which is not only a priceless treasure for Chinese people, but also the common wealth of all mankind.
Before the excavation of the ancient mining and metallurgical site of The Copper Green Mountain, some Western scholars constantly shouted: "There is no bronze culture in China, and China's bronze culture was transmitted from Mesopotamia in the Two Rivers Basin." The excavation of the ancient mining and metallurgical site of The Patina Mountain overturned the Western conclusion that "Chinese bronze culture is external", and China's bronze culture was created by itself. The emergence of the ancient mining and metallurgical site of Daye Copper Green Mountain has rewritten the history of world metallurgy and rewritten the history of world bronze!
Our ancestors entered the surface mining at a depth of mining mining at a depth of mining at a depth of mining at depth, with shafts running across lanes, arranged in an orderly manner; lifting, ventilation and drainage, fully functional. At the same time, the West was still in the era of obscurantism, and mining was like punching holes. Our ancestors used vertical furnaces to smelt copper 2800 years ago, and the Mesopotamians in the Two Rivers Basin at the same time only knew how to dig a pit in the ground and light a lamp next to the pit to boil oil. An expert from the Hubei Provincial Cultural Relics Bureau said: "The mining and smelting technology of the ancient mine in The Copper Green Mountain was the world's leading at that time, more than 2,000 years earlier than Europe." The ancient copper mine site of Copper Green Mountain in Daye City is by far the most complete preserved, the earliest mining time, the highest smelting level and the largest ancient mining and metallurgical site in China.
More than 3,000 years ago, our ancestors began to create the greatest mining and metallurgical civilization of mankind.
The value of the Huangshi mining and metallurgical civilization represented by the ancient mining and metallurgical sites of the Patina Mountain is not only reflected in how grand the scale and how advanced the technology is, but also casts a mining and metallurgical cultural spirit unique to the Huangshi region. This spirit, some people summarize it as the spirit of the "copper axe furnace", that is: like the copper axe, cut through the thorns, pioneering and enterprising; like the furnace, the fusion of the four sides, a common cast of brilliance. At the moment of resource depletion and urban transformation, the spirit of "copper axe melting furnace" is of great significance to the development of Huangshi.
The spirit of the "copper axe furnace", forged over thousands of years, is a priceless treasure left by ancestors to the People of Yellowstone.
(Note: The pictures in the text are from the Internet)
Key references
[1] Mine network: Distribution map of iron ore resources in China[EBOL].
Fan Yunfang: Hubei Copper Green Mountain Ancient Mining and Metallurgical Site will meet with the audience[N].Guangming Daily 1984-11-22.
[3] Huangshi Federation of Social Sciences: Research report on the strategic position of mining and metallurgical culture in the transformation and development of Huangshi[C].Proceedings of the 6th Jingchu Academic Forum.
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Sun Fayou, Huang Shiren, professor of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, doctoral supervisor, member of China Prose Literature Association.