Author/Chen Qitai
After the Song Dynasty, the system of setting up museums to revise history was more developed, and the compilation of actual records and national history was even more enormous. From the beginning of the Song Dynasty, the History Museum formed a system of revising the calendar - the record - the correct history. The dynasties of Emperor Taizong, Emperor Zhenzong, Emperor Renzong, Emperor Yingzong, Emperor Shenzong, Emperor Zhezong, Emperor Qinzong, and Emperor Gaozong, respectively, ordered the ministers Li Fang, Qian Ruoshui, Lü Duan, Lü Yijian, Xia Zhen, Han Qi, Lü Gongzhuo, Lü Dafang, and Fan Chong to successively revise the records of the emperors of the previous dynasties.
According to the Records of the History of Song Yiwen, there are fifty volumes of the Records of Taizu, 80 volumes of the Records of Emperor Taizong, 150 volumes of the Records of Emperor Zhenzong, 200 volumes of records of Emperor Renzong, 30 volumes of records of Emperor Yingzong, 300 volumes of Records of Emperor Shenzong, 150 volumes of Records of Emperor Zhezong, 200 volumes of Records of Emperor Huizong, 40 volumes of Records of Emperor Qinzong, 500 volumes of Records of Emperor Gaozong, 500 volumes of Records of Emperor Xiaozong, 100 volumes of Records of Guangzong, 499 volumes of Records of Emperor Ningzong, and 190 volumes of Records of Emperor Lizong. A total of 14 Dynasties Records, 3189 volumes (volumes).
At the same time, it also became the history of Taizu, Taizong, Renzong, Yingzong and other dynasties. During the reign of Emperor Gaozong to Emperor Guangzong, the various historians were also revised into a variety of genres of official books, including the zhengshi of the three dynasties of gods, zhe, and hui by Wei Qi, Chen Junqing and Yu Yunwen, the four dynasties of Shangshen, Zhe, Hui, and Qin, Zhao Xiong and other Shangshen, Zhe, Hui, and Qin Dynasties, and Wang Huai. Successive Southern Song dynasties have also attached equal importance to the implementation of this system of revision of history. The Two Song Dynasties also had many calendars, chronicles of current affairs, and incalculable records of historical events by scholars.
In short, due to the soundness and development of the system of the two Song Dynasty history museums, the continuous records of various dynasties and the history of the country have been preserved, plus other historical materials, all of which have prepared extremely detailed historical events for the revision of the History of the Song Dynasty in the early Yuan Dynasty (of course, there is inevitably a problem of right and wrong to protect the protection of the decoration). As Zhao Yi discussed, the history of the Song Dynasty in the early Yuan Dynasty was written quickly and the volumes were voluminous, that is, because "the old Song version was slightly ranked in the big way". After the death of the Song Dynasty, the Yuan chancellor Dong Wenbing presided over the reception in Lin'an, saying: "The country can be destroyed, and history must not be left behind", so he sent all kinds of notes, records, and national history to the Yuan capital with various notes, records, and national history in the Song History Museum. This can be said to be a person of insight among the Yuan courtiers, who regards the preservation of the continuity of historical records as having a significance beyond the rise and fall of a dynasty and a surname.
The Liao established by the Khitans, the Jin established by the Jurchens, and the Yuan established by the Mongols all considered themselves to be the natural successors of the system of setting up museums and repairing histories established by the Central Plains Imperial Dynasty. The Khitan tribe originally lacked historical records, so the deeds of zuqishou Khan were only recorded as his birth in the Du'an Mountains and migrated to the banks of the Huang River, which was very absurd and vague. Due to the influence of the Culture of the Central Plains, successive dynasties have set up officials to supervise the revision of national history, such as Liu Shenxing, Xing Baopu, Xiao Hanjianu and so on.
During the reign of the Liao Shengzong, the previous records of the Shengzong had been repaired. When Emperor Xingzong was in power, he was ordered to set up a bureau for editing. Yelü Gulu, Yelü Shucheng and Xiao Hanjianu compiled and became twenty volumes of the Records of the Emperors. In the first year of Emperor Daozong's reign (1085), Shi Chenjin recorded the Seven Emperors below Taizu, and the record of the history of the country has taken a slightly larger scale. In the third year of the reign of Emperor Tianzuo (1103), he also ordered Yelü to compile the records of the emperors below Taizu, a total of seventy volumes. This also marked more progress in liao revision of the history of the dynasty by the time of Emperor Tianzuo, so Zhao Yi commented on Yun:
"Liao shi praises it as having a generation of traces of chaos, and it is also diligent. When the Liao Dynasty was born, the history of the country was the best in this title, and Jin Xizong tasted the "History of Liao" in the palace, that is, this book was also. ”
During the Jin Dynasty, he twice commanded the revision of the history of Liao. The first time was during the reign of Emperor Xizong, and the continuation of the practice of Yelü Gu and Zhi Lazi Zijing was completed in the hands of Xiao Yongqi, with a total of seventy-five volumes. The second time in The reign of Emperor Zhangzong, he ordered the removal of the Liaoshi to be published, and Dang Huaiying and others served as editors and editors of the liao history, and also searched for folk historical materials, and ordered those who had Liaoshi inscriptions and anthologies to be sent to the officials. In the end, Chen Da Ren succeeded him. "By the time of the Yuan revision of the history of Liao, Yelü And Chen Daren were both present, "Biography of Houfei • Preface" Yun, and "Biography of LiaoShi • Later Concubine" of Yu and Da Ren, which were similar and different, and were written at their discretion. The "Calendar Elephant Leap Examination" also indicates that there is a leap in a certain year of the Book of Fortune, and there is no leap in the year of the Great Ren Ben, especially in the second book of the Great Ren Ben when he was revising. ”
Therefore, the revision of the "History of Liao" was revised from the fourth year of Emperor Taizong's meeting (941) to the fourth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1344), through four edicts of the Liao, Jin, and Yuan dynasties, and was completed in 403 years. The so-called "Chen DarenBen" has 9 people pre-repairing, plus a total of 10 people. In short, the "History of Liao" is the accumulation of the results of the history of the establishment of museums in the history of Emperor Taizong of Liao, and it has been operating for a long time before and after, so although it has the shortcomings of simplicity and omission, it also has outstanding advantages, especially the list is the most famous.
The Jurchens' experience of accepting the culture of the Central Plains historians is also similar to that of the Liao. There is no writing on the Jurchens, and there is no record of the deeds of the ancestors. In the sixth year of Emperor Taizong's Heavenly Society (1128), He ordered Yan Xun and Yelü Diyan to take charge of the history of the country, and Xun and others summarized the history of the ten emperors from the jin ancestors to three volumes. It is characterized by truthful memories, such as Zhao Yiyi:
"Every tribe knows a certain tribe, but also a certain water, a certain township, a certain village, in order to identify it." As for the exchanges and conquests with the Khitans, zhongduo was deceitful and devious, and there was nothing to hide, so the discipline was actually cloudy. Today, according to the "Century", the first subjects and the Liao, followed by the rebellion and destruction, everything is engaged in deception, all of which are written directly. and "Shi Xian"... If you pass on the names of places, departments, and villages, and if you know them well, you should be able to record them in the actual records. ”
After that, Jin Shiguan also wrote the "Records of Taizu" and "Records of Emperor Ruizong". The "History of Jin" repaired by the Yuan Dynasty is known as a detailed narrative and concise writing, which is superior to the two histories of the Song and Yuan Dynasties, and the "Records of Reality" provided by the Historians of the Jin Dynasty are detailed and well-documented, which makes the later revisionists have some evidence, which is actually its crucial reason.
The Three Dynasties of the Yuan, Ming, and Qing Dynasties also attached great importance to the compilation and revision of the records.
Although the "History of the Yuan" revised at the beginning of the Ming Dynasty has many flaws and is quite controversial, scholars still regard it as a "complete history of a generation" that is "complete from beginning to end". At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the guanchen revised this book, which actually relied on the actual records cultivated by the Yuan Dynasty. From the first year of the Yuan Dynasty to the first year (1341), Wang Hu, a scholar of Hanlin, asked the Shiguan to revise the Records of Taizu, with the addition of the Liao and Jin Ershi. In the second year, confucians were selected to edit the history of the country. For five years, he was prepared to be in charge of Hanlin with Heli Huosun and others, and also lived in notes to remember political affairs. After the destruction of the Song Dynasty, he wrote the Pingjin and Pingsong Records, as well as the submission of the various kingdoms, and ordered Yelü Zhu to supervise the cultivation. Emperor Chengzong ascended the throne and commanded Ze to supervise the revision of the Records of the Ancestors. In the seventh year of Dade (1303), the National History Academy entered the records of the five dynasties of Taizu, Taizong, Dingzong, Ruizong, and Xianzong.
Zhao Yi was quite positive about the records of the Yuan Dynasty, saying: "The History of the Yuan dynasty is probably still complete, but many of the people who have compiled the records in the old times are familiar with the people who are in charge." For example, the famous literati Yao Xuan, Yuan Jue, Ouyang Xuan, etc., respectively participated in the revision of the "Records of the Ancestors", "Records of Taiding", and "Records of Emperor Wenzong". Ouyang Xuan was also a figure who compiled the Three Histories, formulated the style, and wrote the praises, tables, and performances during the reign of Emperor Yuan Shun. "At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the ministers who revised the history copied and compiled into a book, so the Zhu liechuan still had many old pens and no brewed words."
The Ming and Qing dynasties especially regarded the revision of the records of the past dynasties as an important political affair, (the Qing system, after each emperor's death, set up a record museum, responsible for the repair, the completion of the matter was abolished, different from the permanent institution of the National History Museum), and the volume of the record was huge, reaching 2,925 volumes and 1,220 volumes, respectively.