Explain in detail the 5 major Stans of Central Asia, how did they come about? Kazakhstan: I'm their big brother

Central Asia is a more complex place, because in addition to the war-torn Afghanistan, there are also the famous 5 major states. They are:

Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan.

Why are the five Central Asian countries called various stans? In fact, the word "stan" comes from the ancient Persian word "stan". It means "gathering place".

Along with the influence of the Turks, Mongols, and Iranians on Central Asia, "Stan" gradually became the meaning of "province or region" in the empire they established. After their independence, they retained the suffix "Stan".

So the question is, are these 5 stans discussed? Why do you use this suffix? In fact, in addition to the 5 of them, there are many Stans on the earth. Such as "Pakistan", "Palestine", in fact, Afghanistan should be called "Afghanistan".

Is this state directly related to Islam?

In everyone's impression, it seems that the five major stan states are all the base of Islam. In fact, this is true, because as early as 632 AD, after the establishment of the Arab Empire, in fact, Central Asia was occupied by the Arab Empire one after another.

The state religion of the Arab Empire is Islam, so it is difficult to deny the relationship between the five major states and Islam. After all, a long religious history has been infused into the soul of their people.

But let's be clear that "Stan" does not mean Islam, because "Stan" comes from The Old Persian language. The Persian Empire predates the Arab Empire and Islam.

In 224 AD, the Sassanid Dynasty of the Persian Empire was established. It was not until 651 AD that the Sassanid Empire completely disappeared from the earth. Therefore, the title of the five major stan states was mainly influenced by the Persian Empire.

5 major Stan countries, how did they come about?

In Central Asia, many great civilizations have also been born. In fact, this place now seems to be a mess, in ancient times, for many periods here there was a unified structure.

1. For example, from 224 AD to 651 AD, Central Asia was ruled by the powerful Persian Empire of the Sassanid Empire.
2. From 651 to 1142 AD, Central Asia came under the rule of the Arab Empire.
3. From 1142 to 1231 AD, the Khwarazm state ruled Central Asia, a country that became famous because Genghis Khan destroyed them.
4. After the Mongols' three western expeditions, Central Asia was divided and ruled by the Mongol khanates such as the Golden Horde, the Chagatai Khanate, and the Ilkhanate.
5. From 1370 to 1502 AD, Central Asia became the domain of the powerful Timurid Khanate. The Timurid Khanate had planned to challenge the Ming Dynasty during the Zhu Di period, and almost fought.

In any case, Central Asia has historically been ruled by multiple dynasties. These dynasties were powerful and connected the East and the West, indispensable. So why did the Big 5 Stan break up later? Did they break up peacefully?

Kazakhstan, once established the Kazakh Khanate.

The Timurid Khanate shook the air, and no one obeyed. Not only to work with the Ming Dynasty, but also to find trouble in the Golden Horde. As a result, the Golden Horde was beaten by him enough.

By the 15th century, the Golden Horde was no longer in use, and most of the people of Kazakhstan began to leave the rule of the Golden Horde and gradually formed the Kazakh people, who established the Kazakh Khanate in 1470 AD.

The Kazakh Khanate was not only large in territory, but also strong in strength, not only resisting the attack of the Golden Horde, but also packing up the Yarkand forces of the Chagatai Khanate, and had a great momentum of domination in Central Asia.

However, after the Mongol Dayan Khan reorganized Eastern Mongolia and drove out the Wala, the Wala fled to Central Asia and began the Hundred Years' War with the Kazakh Khanate. It ended with the kazakh khanate winning.

In the early years of the Qing Dynasty, the Dzungar Khanate gradually became stronger, and they also looked at the territory of the Kazakh Khanate, and repeatedly led troops to attack and occupy the territory of the Kazakh Khanate, causing the Kazakh Khanate to be torn apart and the people to be displaced.

Fortunately, at this time, the three Qing emperors of Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong, who spent nearly a hundred years of hard work, finally completely eliminated the Dzungar Khanate. It was only then that the Kazakh Khanate had a respite.

The Kazakh Khan of Abu Rao was greatly moved by this and decisively sent people to Ili to negotiate with the Qing Dynasty, hoping to submit to the Qing Dynasty in the form of a vassal state.

But you must know that at this time, the Tsarist Russia in the north was already very powerful. After the development of Peter I and Catherine II, the territory of Tsarist Russia continued to expand outwards, and in the blink of an eye, it set its sights on the territory of Central Asia.

For the sake of safety, the Kazakh Khanate had to submit to Tsarist Russia at the same time, and it was indeed a little pressure to survive between the two great powers, and they could only face each other.

The Tsarist Russia really wanted to occupy the Kazakh Khanate, so since 1724, they have repeatedly established their own military fortresses on the border of the Kazakh Khanate.

The Kazakh Khanate, of course, was very dissatisfied with this, and as a result was brutally suppressed by Tsarist Russia, and eventually the Kazakh Khanate was officially declared extinct in 1872 and incorporated into the Tsarist administration. However, in order to avoid the cruel suppression of Tsarist Russia, many Ethnic Kazakhs migrated to the territory of the Qing Dynasty.

In 1917, after the fall of Tsarist Russia, Kazakhstan broke away from Russia and became independent for a short time. However, in 1920 it immediately returned to the Russian Federation. In 1936 it became one of the Republics of the Soviet Union. It was not until 1991 that it was renamed the Republic of Kazakhstan and became officially independent. But for now, it is still one of Russia's horse boys.

Second, Kyrgyzstan was once the ruling area of the Han, Tang and Qing dynasties.

As early as the time when the Western Han Dynasty developed the western region, the territory of Kyrgyzstan had already been included in the jurisdiction of the Western Han Dynasty. By the time of the Tang Dynasty, this place was once again incorporated into the territory of the Tang Dynasty.

During the reign of Emperor Gaozong of Tang, he destroyed the Western Turks and annexed all the territories of the Western Turks, of which Kyrgyzstan was located. The Tang Dynasty established the Anxi Capital Protectorate in the Western Regions to administer affairs in parts of Central Asia.

In the 13th century, the Mongols occupied this territory during their western expedition. As soon as Genghis Khan was pleased, he gave part of the western region, including Central Asia, to his second son Chagatai. Chagatai established the Chagatai Khanate here.

For more than 200 years, Kyrgyzstan was ruled by the Chagatai Khanate for a long time. By the 16th century, the Golden Horde had long since collapsed and the Chagatai Khanate had split, and the Qing Dynasty once again brought the land under its rule.

In 1864, in the Sino-Russian Survey and Division of the Northwest Boundary, Tsarist Russia forcibly cut off 440,000 square kilometers of land in western Xinjiang from the Qing Dynasty, including Kyrgyzstan.

In 1876, Tsarist Russia officially incorporated Kyrgyzstan into its territory. After the fall of Tsarist Russia in 1917, Kyrgyzstan remained only an autonomous oblast of the Russian Federation.

It was not until 1936 that Kyrgyzstan joined the Soviet Union as a republic. In 1991, Kyrgyzstan declared its independence and became a republic.

Tajikistan has long been under Mongol rule.

This is perhaps the only of the 5 great Stan states that is not Turkic. Their ethnic body is roughly descended from the inhabitants of the ancient Iranian region of Central Asia.

Before the 10th century, this area was long the territory of the Han and Tang Dynasties. After the 10th century, the Turks established the Ghaznavid dynasty here, and the area came under turkic control.

Around the 13th century, the Khwarazm state became stronger, and Tajikistan was incorporated into the Khwarazm state. By this time Tajikistan had been Islamized.

At the beginning of the 13th century, the Mongols invaded the west and occupied Tajikistan. After the establishment of the Mongol Chagatai Khanate, it became the territory of the Chagatai Khanate.

After the division of the Chagatai Khanate, Tajikistan was merged into the Yarkand Khanate and the Kokand Khanate. In 1868, Tsarist Russia came again! This place became the territory of Tsarist Russia.

In 1917, Tsarist Russia collapsed and Tajikistan joined the Autonomous Republic of Turkmenistan. After 1929, it became independent and became part of the Soviet Union. It was not until 1991 that the Republic of Tajikistan declared its independence.

Uzbekistan is a double landlocked country.

What does this mean? In other words, they themselves are landlocked, and their neighbors are also landlocked. There are only 2 cases of this in the world, and one is Liechtenstein.

In the 7th century, the Arab Empire began to conquer Central Asia, and Islam spread here around the 8th century. However, the main ethnic group in this region is still Turkic.

In the 9th century, the Persian Samanid Empire ruled Uzbekistan and occupied a large area of the river.

Around the 11th century, the Turks replaced Persia and established a series of dynasties here, such as the Ghaznavid dynasty, the Qarakhanid dynasty, and the Seljuk Empire.

In 1210, the Kingdom of Khwarazm occupied it again.

At the beginning of the 13th century, during the Mongol conquest of the west, Uzbekistan was incorporated into the Territory of the Mongols. It was mainly divided between the Golden Horde and the Chagatai Khanate.

After that, the local people began to gradually unite and form the Uzbek people. After the 15th century, the Mongols were severely weakened, and the Uzbeks established the Uzbek Khanate. However, it was soon annexed by the Timurid Empire.

At the beginning of the 16th century, after the fall of the Timurid Empire, the Bukhara Khanate, established by the Uzbeks themselves, gradually became the ruler here.

In 1873, Tsarist Russia invaded the Uzbek region, destroyed the Bukhara Khanate, and completely annexed it. In 1917, after the destruction of Tsarist Russia, Uzbekistan was successively assigned to Turkestan and Khwarazm.

It was not until 1924 that Uzbekistan joined the Soviet Union. In 1991, Uzbekistan became independent and established the Republic of Uzbekistan.

5. Turkmenistan, the only permanent neutral country in Asia.

Turkmenistan refers to the Turkic peoples living in Central Asia. The geographical location of this place is too important, next to Iran, Afghanistan, next to the Black Sea.

This place is very rich in oil and natural gas resources, and the population is sparse, and the little life is reasonable. Crucially, it is the only permanent neutral country in Asia.

However, historical Turkmenistan is not so lucky. Until the 13th century, there was no clear civilization here, and it was in a state of tribal warfare for a long time.

In the early 13th century, when the Mongols were on the western expedition, they also occupied this place with a little handle. After the decline of the Mongols, in the 15th century, the local turkmen people gradually awakened and formed the Turkmen people.

From the 16th to the 17th century, the Uzbek Khanate of Khiva and the Khanate of Bukhara ruled the region. That is to say, even by the 17th century, there was no state established by the Turkmen themselves.

In the 19th century, Tsarist Russia finally came again, occupying parts of Turkmenistan and not joining the Soviet Union in the name of the republic until 1924. In 1991, Turkmenistan declared its independence.