Demand-side response is increasingly appearing in our field of vision, what is demand-side response? Light Boat Nengke and everyone to learn more about ~
1. Definitions
Demand Response (DR) refers to the short-term behavior of electricity users to temporarily change their electricity consumption behavior and reduce (increase) electricity consumption according to price or incentive measures when the price of electricity market price is significantly increased (reduced) or there is a risk to the safety and reliability of the system, so as to promote the balance between power supply and demand, ensure the stable operation of the power grid, and curb the rise in electricity prices.
In simple terms, demand-side response is the behavior of users who respond to the call of the grid to temporarily adjust their electricity consumption situation (including reducing and increasing both cases) in a planned way to promote the stability of the power system.
In the 1990s, the mainland power supply shortage, in order to protect power resources, the implementation of planned electricity consumption, forced restrictions on demand side electricity consumption, exceeding the standard of enterprises will be forced to pull the gate to cut electricity, belongs to the government on the electricity market administrative intervention.
By 1993, the traditional power demand side management was officially introduced to the mainland to solve the problem of power shortage by economic means, from limiting the consumption of electric energy to reducing the waste of electric energy. The demand-side management work carried out by the mainland mainly includes peak-valley time-of-use electricity prices and load control.
After the market-oriented reform of the power industry, the traditional integrated power company has been split, it is difficult to find a responsible entity for demand-side management, and the mainland's power supply has been sufficiently guaranteed, and the demand-side management needs to be changed to "power demand response". Demand response is no longer a coercive means, but a signal to drive users to respond voluntarily; the purpose is not only to balance supply and demand, but also to improve the system's consumption of renewable energy and ensure the stable operation of the power system.
At the same time, demand response can fully awaken the sleeping resources on the load side, guide customers to optimize the power load, promote friendly interaction between source network and load storage, and enhance the emergency regulation ability of the power grid.
The definitions, types, processes, effect evaluation and compensation mechanisms of different provinces in mainland China are different, and will be specifically described in the demand response implementation plan issued by the provincial governments. This article has only extracted some of the roughly identical parts.
2. Type
From the driving method, it can be divided into incentive demand response and price demand response; this is also the classification adopted by the FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY FERC.
From the response period, it can be divided into peak shaving demand response and valley filling demand response;
From the response speed, it can be divided into pre-day response and real-time response.
• Incentive demand response: Directly use incentive policies and compensation methods to induce users to participate in the load reduction projects required by the system. For example, when the peak of electricity needs to reduce the load, the user reduces the load by adjusting or reducing the electricity consumption, or running a distributed generator, so as to get an electricity discount or directly get a "bonus". It is equivalent to the system to pay the user in order to reduce the load on the user for a certain period of time.
• Price-based demand response: including time-of-use electricity price (peak-to-valley electricity price mechanism), real-time electricity price, etc. (electricity price will change every hour or less) through the change of retail electricity price, so that users can actively change electricity consumption behavior.
• Peak shaving demand response: Requires users to reduce their electricity consumption during peak periods
• Threshing demand response: Users are required to increase their electricity consumption during the trough of electricity consumption
• Timely demand response: The power company issues a response invitation to the participating entities through platform announcements, text messages, telephone calls, etc. one day before the implementation of the demand response (before the response date) and a few hours before the implementation (hourly response), informing the response scope, demand quantity, time period and invitation deadline and other information; the participating entities feedback the response volume through the platform before the invitation deadline; the power company in accordance with the principle of "users with early engagement time priority, large response volume users priority", and appropriately take into account fairness, Determine the number of participants and the volume of responses to the engagement until the response demand is reached. The user completes the load adjustment themselves during the response window.
(Different provinces have different policies, for example, Zhejiang Province also provides corresponding prices for bidding when users feedback)
• Real-time demand response: In the case of a grid emergency, the power company issues adjustment instructions to the participating entities through the platform 30 minutes before the implementation of the demand response (minute-level response), informs the response range, demand quantity, time period and other information, and automatically completes the response ability confirmation through the platform; or directly issues control instructions to the participating entities through the provincial platform 1 minute before execution (second-level response). Powered devices that participate in real-time demand response should have the characteristics of quick or remote interruption. The participating entities use the linkage strategy between the demand response terminal and the self-owned power energy efficiency monitoring related system to automatically complete the load adjustment within 30 minutes; for the second-level response, the provincial power company automatically completes the load control of the participating entities through the provincial platform.
3. Participation process
Many places use the provincial power management platform as the medium.
Real-time demand response:
• Participating users apply in advance on the platform and fill in relevant information;
• When demand response is required, the platform issues control instructions, and the user's power equipment is automatically adjusted under intelligent control.
• After the demand response is completed, the platform evaluates the response effect and settles the compensation fee.
Approximate time demand response:
• Electricity users publish demand response invitations on provincial platforms. Includes response type, response window, and so on.
• The user selects the request response invitation to participate in on the platform and fills in the invitation response information, including the response load of the declaration, contact information, etc.
• When the demand response is required, the user controls the load by himself, adjusts the time of using electrical appliances, and ensures that the load is not higher than the promised response load during the peak period (the valley section is guaranteed to be no lower than the promised response load).
• After the demand response is completed, the platform evaluates the response effect and settles the compensation fee.
Compensation mechanism
When the provincial development and reform commissions publish the provincial demand response implementation plan, they usually attach the subsidy method and calculation form. Different provinces have different calculation methods, generally the subsidy standard (yuan / kWh) * response electricity, and then with other set values (such as load response rate) to do the calculation.
Fourth, the social environment of demand-side response
On the mainland, the shift from demand-side management to demand response has become increasingly apparent in recent years.
From the perspective of price-based demand response:
Since the early 1980s, the mainland has gradually implemented a time-sharing electricity price mechanism in various places. Up to now, 29 provinces have implemented a time-sharing electricity price mechanism, which has effectively promoted the peak and valley filling of the demand side, and played an important role in alleviating the contradiction between power supply and demand, ensuring the safe supply of electricity, and improving the economy of the power system.
From the perspective of incentive demand response:
Since 2004, the mainland began to trial demand-side management, and now anhui, Shandong, Zhejiang, Tianjin and other provinces and cities have carried out demand response, the types of participating users continue to increase, in addition to industrial and commercial users and load integrators, buildings, residential users have also been included in the demand response resources. The demand response execution model is also being explored and developed in the direction of automation.
Policies in many places encourage users or load integrators to voluntarily participate in demand response, and give priority to high-energy-consuming, "card-necked" industrial and commercial enterprise users. The types of participating users include industrial enterprises, shopping malls, hotels, office buildings, complexes, etc.
Beijing, Shanghai and Jiangsu have piloted resident demand response, and through technologies such as intelligent air conditioning control and early refrigeration, the resident load has been included in the scope of demand response users, and the types of demand response resources have been further expanded.
However, at present, the mainstream of domestic demand response (and even other countries in the world) is still in industrial and commercial electricity, and the residential demand response can only "add to the icing on the cake".
There are several reasons for this:
• The industrial and commercial electricity base is large, the power demand curve is relatively regular, and the demand is well managed to facilitate adjustment and control.
• In contrast, the electricity consumption of residents is scattered, the base is small, and the response load that each household can contribute is only a few kilowatts of electricity a day, and the income is small.
• The demand response of residential electricity energy is not guaranteed to be available every day, and it is necessary to have a special load aggregator to manage the demand response of hundreds of thousands of households, which requires a higher technical threshold and equipment cost.
• Even if the load aggregator is connected, there is a strong uncertainty in the consumption of electricity for residents, and there is a risk that residents will force the load to open.
In addition, demand response currently has economic and technical difficulties:
• High infrastructure cost: In addition to accurate measurement, the effective evaluation of demand response requires accurate data transmission, and metering equipment and online monitoring systems are two important technical supports for demand response. At present, the demand response online monitoring equipment in various parts of the mainland is invested by the power grid company or load integrator to install and maintain for the user, and the demand response online monitoring system is invested and built by the government and the power grid company. With the advancement and development of demand response, the establishment and improvement of demand response system still requires a lot of capital investment in the installation and maintenance of metering equipment, data transmission and maintenance.
• Low degree of marketization: At this stage, most of the mainland's demand response depends on government policy subsidies, and it is mainly based on incentives, and the lack of fine mechanism has caused certain restrictions on the implementation effect of demand response, which cannot reflect the market-oriented nature of demand response.
• The degree of automation needs to be improved: The development of demand response in mainland China is still in the semi-automatic demand response stage, and the automation of demand response has not yet been truly realized. Intelligent terminals, communication technology, automatic demand response systems, etc. all need further research and development.
The mechanism needs to be improved: most of the demand response projects currently implemented are carried out in the agreed form, and some real-time demand responses are far from reaching the level of automation, which plays a certain role in peak shaving on the power grid, but its response speed is slow, there is uncertainty in the response effect, and the peak regulation capacity is not good; the role of demand response in "filling the valley" (especially the consumption of new energy) has yet to be developed.