Briefing on Ancient History (II) of the Qin and Han Dynasties

The Qin and Han dynasties are familiar to us in the pre-history of the first two feudal unified dynasties.

1. [Qin Dynasty] 221-207 BC

Yu Lie, the sixth emperor of Qin, successively destroyed "Han Zhao Wei Chu Yan Qi". Unified the whole country, in 221 called the First Emperor. We call him Qin Shi Huang. The abolition of the sub-feudal system introduced the county system and strengthened the state's rule over the localities. Pai Mengtian built the Great Wall in the north to defend against the Xiongnu. In 210, he fell ill and died during a parade, and Washu Hai of Qin II succeeded to the throne. Reusing the eunuch Zhao Gao, the harsh government was tyrannical, and Chen Sheng wu Guangzexiang took the lead in the uprising. After the uprising continued, in 207 Xiang Yu, with the courage to break the cauldron, led the coalition army to defeat the main force of the Qin army at Julu. After that, Liu Bang led his army into Xianyang. The baby surrenders. The Qin Dynasty fell.

After the fall of the Qin Dynasty, Xiang Yu and Liu Bang experienced four years of Chu-Han War. In the early days, Liu Bang advanced to Xianyang, and After Xiang Yu defeated the Qin army at Julu, he garrisoned Bashang. Using Fan Zeng's strategy, he laid down a "Hongmen Banquet" for Liu Bang, leaving an allusion that "the Xiangzhuang Dancing Sword was intended to be peigong". Xiang Yu did not kill Liu Bang at the Hongmen Banquet. After that, Xiang Yu divided the 18 princes and proclaimed himself the King of Western Chu. Liu Bang was made king of Han. When Liu Bang took advantage of Xiang Yu's attack on the rebellion of the princes, he worshiped Han Xin as a great general, and Ming Xiu dao secretly chen cang. Uniting with other princes to jointly fight against Xiang Yu, the great drama of the Chu and Han dynasties officially began. The drama ends with Xiang Yu being besieged and Wu Jiang killing himself. Liu Bang won the final victory.

II. [Han Dynasty]

From 202 BC to 220 AD, a total of 405 years, lasted 29 emperors.

[Western Han Dynasty] (202 BC - 8 AD) A total of 210 years 12 emperors

(9-23 years) State name: the new dynasty established by Wang Mang.

(23-25 years) State name: Xuan Han Liu Xuan was the emperor

[Eastern Han Dynasty] (25-220 AD) A total of 195 years 14 emperors

A total of 12 emperors of the Western Han Dynasty:

1. Liu Bang, the ancestor of Han Gao, followed the steps of Chen Sheng's Wu Guang uprising, and became the commander of the coalition army from the commander of Surabaya Pavilion, and then became the king of Han. After four years of Chu-Han hegemony, he defeated Xiang Yu. In 202 BC, Chang'an was proclaimed emperor. The implementation of the county system and the county system are parallel, and the Taoist advocate of ruling without doing anything is adopted, and the people rest and recuperate. He was awarded the title of King of a Different Surname in the Chu-Han War. Among them, Han Xin was crowned king of Chu. After getting rid of the king with a different surname, a generation of famous generals Han Xin was also tricked into the palace by Xiao He, and was killed by Lü Hou with a plan. It is said that "success is also Xiao He defeat is also Xiao He". Later, after escaping from danger in the "Siege of Bai Deng". Engage in peace and pro-strategy with the Huns. During the attack on Yingbu, the king of Huainan, he was shot and wounded, and subsequently died in Chang'an.

Main characters: Zhang Liang, Xiao He, Han Xin, Chen Ping, Zhou Bo, Cao Shan, etc.

2. Emperor Hui of Han: Liu Ying, Former Shao Emperor: Liu Gong, Later Shao Emperor: Liu Hong. This period was the dictatorship of Lü Hou. After Gaozu's death, Lü Hou became a dictatorship and wantonly divided lü's relatives. As a result, Liu Ying was depressed. After her death, Lü's relatives plotted to seize power, and Chen Ping and Zhou Bo joined forces to eliminate Lü's forces and establish Liu Heng as emperor.

3. Emperor Wen of Han: Liu Heng; Emperor Jing of Han: Liu Qi. The two of them worked hard to create the rule of Wenjing.

4. Emperor Wu of Han: Liu Che. The tuien edict of appointing the main father resolved the situation in which the domestic princes could not be left behind, and adopted Dong Zhongshu's proposal of "deposing the Hundred Families and Respecting Confucianism"; abandoning the previous policy of peace and affinity with the Xiongnu. Wei Qing, Huo Fuyi, Li Guang, and others were appointed. Defeated the Huns several times. As a result, Huo Wentai's disease achieved great feats of sealing wolf Juxu. Zhang Qian was sent out of the Western Regions to unite with various countries to jointly deal with the Xiongnu. In his later years, Li Guangli sent troops to defeat the Xiongnu and was captured, and due to the rebellion of the Witches, he killed the crown prince Liu Zhao. Liu Fuling was made crown prince. He stayed with the general Huo Guang and other auxiliary politicians.

5. Emperor Zhao of Han: Liu Fuling. An enlightened monarch, he took the throne at the age of 7 and died at the age of 21, Huo Guang controlled the government, quelled the rebellion of Sang Hongyang And Shangguan Jie, and worked hard to govern, which made the situation in the last years of Emperor Wu's life better. During the reign of Emperor Wu, Su Wu went through hardships and dangers, and in the 19th year of the Xiongnu, the herding sheep in the North Sea was released during the reign of Emperor Zhao.

6. Emperor of the Han Dynasty: Liu He. The 9th emperor of the Western Han Dynasty, Emperor Zhao, died. Huo Guangli Liu He reigned for 27 days, but because of his absurdity, he was deposed by Huo Guang, and was later given the title of Marquis of Haixia.

7. Emperor Xuan of Han: Liu Qing, formerly known as Liu Yiji (grandson of The Crown Prince Liu Zhao). Together with Emperor Zhao of Han, he was known as "Zhaoxuan Zhongxing". After Huo Guang's death, he eliminated the power of the Huo family.

8. Emperor Yuan of the Han Dynasty: Liu Yi, during his reign, after Zhaoxuan Zhongxing, the national strength prospered, respected Confucianism, and favored eunuchs. This period was also the starting point of the Han Dynasty's transformation from prosperity to decline. The division of the Northern and Southern Xiongnu, the male Xiongnu returned to the Han Dynasty, the Yuan Emperor sent Wang Zhaojun and his relatives, and the "Zhaojun Out of the Plug" brought the peaceful situation of the Han and Hungary for more than 40 years.

9. Emperor Cheng of Han: Liu Xiao was smart when he was young, and greedy in his old age. His mother: Wang Zhengjun. In the end, the government was controlled by foreign royal families. It laid the foundation for Wang Mang's usurpation of power.

10． Emperor Of Han: Liu Xin reigned for 6 years. Wang Mang was the Grand Sima (大司馬).

Wang Mang usurped the Han Dynasty and established a new dynasty, known in history as the Xinmang regime. This was followed by radical reforms. After the failure of this top-down self-help reform, a peasant revolt broke out.

There were 14 emperors in the Eastern Han Dynasty

11. Guangwu Emperor: Liu Xiu. In the last year of the New Dynasty, the "Green Forest and Chimei Uprising" broke out, Liu Xiu raised an army, broke the Xinmang army, and then refused to obey the orders of Liu Xuan's initial regime, and Luoyang was proclaimed emperor. Defeat the Red Brow and Green Forest armies again. Unify the whole country, rest and recuperate with the people, develop the economy, and reform the official system, known in history as Guangwu Zhongxing.

12. Emperor Ming of Han: Liu Zhuang, who reigned for 18 years, built the White Horse Temple and sent a class beyond the Western Regions. His brother Ban Gu wrote the Book of Han and then accompanied Dou Xian in attacking the Xiongnu.

13. Emperor Zhang of Han: During the reign of Liu Zhao (da), he implemented a policy of cultivating with the people.

14. Emperor He of Han: Liu Zhao In 17 years, Empress Dowager Dou took over the throne and Dou Xian took power.

15. Emperor Wu of Han; Liu Long succeeded to the throne 8 months later, the youngest emperor.

16. Emperor An of Han: Liu Hu (hu) 18 years Empress Deng came to power, cai lun made paper.

17. Emperor Infant of Han: Liu Yi died after more than 200 days on the throne.

18. Emperor Shun of Han: Liu Bao 19 Years Eunuchs controlled the government of the dynasty, and the imperial court was corrupt. Zhang Heng's ground motion instrument.

19. Emperor Chong of Han: Liu Bing reigned for half a year and died of illness at the age of 3.

20. Emperor Han: Liu Yi (zuan) reigned for less than 1 year, because he called Liang Ji a general of the General, and was poisoned by the general. The idiom "flying" comes from his buckle.

20. Emperor Huan of Han: Liu Zhi Reigned for 21 years, foreign relatives took power, using eunuchs to kill foreign relatives Liang Ji, and then eunuchs took power.

21. Emperor Ling of Han: Liu Hong reigned for 23 years. The eunuch "Ten Permanent Attendants" controlled the government. Killing the general He Jin, Yuan Shao killed the eunuch, causing Dong Zhuo to enter the capital. At this time, the imperial court was corrupt, social contradictions intensified, the people were not happy, and the poor peasants, led by Zhang Jiao, wore yellow scarves on their heads and revolted. Call it the "Yellow Turban Uprising."

22. Emperor Shao of Han: During Liu Zheng's reign for 5 months, Dong Zhuo forced himself to commit suicide

23. Emperor Xian of Han: Liu Xie reigned for 30 years Cao Pi established himself as emperor.

【Experience】

The Han Dynasty was the second unified feudal dynasty in Chinese history after the Qin Dynasty, and the two Han Dynasties lasted for more than four hundred years. Countless heroes have emerged.

The chief of the Surabaya Pavilion was liu ji, who became the king of Han in the chaotic era of the late Qin Dynasty; in the fourth year, the Chu and Han dynasties won the victory, Xiao He Zhang Liang Han Xin; and the subordinate generals who could be subordinated to the state, called the emperor and the kings. Huang Lao's technique of doing nothing to cure, eradicating the king of different surnames, Han Xin ordered the soldiers - the more the merrier was eventually killed. Lü Hou was dictatorial, and Emperor Hui was depressed. Before and after the Young Emperor was abolished, Chen Ping Zhou Bo Was reprimanded, and wen jingzhi ruled the prosperous world. Emperor Wu of Han defeated the Xiongnu several times, Huo went ill to seal the wolf Juxu, and Zhang Qian sent an envoy to the Western Regions. The Rebellion of the Witches is on the throne. Huo Guangsang Hongyang Shangguan Ji assisted the government. Li Zhaoxuan Zhongxing, Liu He Yuyue was deposed. Emperor Yuan promoted Zhaojun's departure. Emperor Cheng's foreign relatives controlled the imperial government, and Emperor Wu's reigning Wang Mang usurped the government. The top-down reforms of the Xinmang regime failed, followed by the Green Forest and Chimei Uprising. Emperor Guangwu Liu Xiu broke the new Mang army. It is called the founding of the empire. Guangwu ZTE.

Emperor Ming sent Ban Gu on an envoy to the Western Regions to build the White Horse Temple in Luoyang, and Buddhism was introduced to China. Experienced Empress Dou, Empress Deng, foreign relatives controlling the government, eunuch dictatorship. The Yellow Turban Uprising broke out. The "Ten Constant Attendants" killed the general He Jin, and Yuan Shao killed the eunuchs. Dong Zhuo led his army into Luoyang. Kill the Young Emperor and establish the Emperor. Cao Cao blackmailed tianzi to order the princes. Cao Pi usurped Han Liwei.

【Discussion】

1. If Gongzi Fusu ascends the throne, how long will the Qin Dynasty last?

2. Why can't we get rid of foreign relations interfering in politics, eunuch dictatorship, and magic spells?