Not long ago, Musk tweeted a blog post with 50 text pictures, accompanied by a meaningful sentence: "[These pictures] should be taught to people when they are young." ”
"Madman" Musk regrets that when he was young, no one taught him that he was the "50 cognitive biases" in the following long picture.
50 cognitive biases
What is cognitive bias?
Cognitive bias is a phenomenon in which people perceive themselves, others or the external environment, and often distort the results of perception due to their own or situational reasons. That is, you ignore the objective facts, you just have to "feel".
1, basic attribution error: we often define others according to personality or personality, but will use situational factors to help ourselves exonerate.
2, selfish prejudice: failure is always for a reason, but success is all up to themselves.
3, the group preference: we will prefer the circle to the outside of the circle.
4, the herd effect: As more and more people receive certain ideas, fashions and beliefs, the influence of these ideas will also grow.
5, group thinking: people prefer to be consistent and harmonious with the group, in order to minimize conflict, we occasionally make some unreasonable decisions.
6. Halo effect: If you think a person has positive traits, this positive impression will radiate into the other traits of that person (the same applies to negative traits).
7. Moral luck: A better outcome will increase people's moral evaluation, and vice versa.
8, the wrong consensus: the reality of supporting our views, less than we think.
9, the curse of knowledge: Once we know something, it is easy to assume that others know the same thing.
10. Spotlight effect: We overestimate how much attention people pay to our behavior and appearance.
11. Usability heuristics: When we make judgments, we usually rely on the most intuitive examples that come to mind.
12. Defensive attribution: In an accident, witnesses will secretly worry that they will be accused of the same, and if the witnesses have more similar experiences to the victim, they will blame the victim less and attack the perpetrator instead. vice versa.
13. The world justice hypothesis: People tend to believe that the world is just; therefore, we think that there is a reason for injustice.
14. Naïve realism: We are accustomed to believing that what we observe is objective fact, and that others are irrational, uninformed, or biased.
15. Naïve cynicism: Believing that what you observe is objective facts, and that others are more self-centered than they appear.
16. The Fowler effect (aka the Barnum effect): It's easy to accept ambiguous, wide-ranging words to describe our personality.
17, Dunning Kruger effect: the less you know, the more confident you are, and the more you know, the more humble you are.
18, anchoring effect: we rely heavily on first-glance information when making decisions.
19, automation system bias: we rely on automation systems, and sometimes even too much trust, resulting in really correct decisions being modified.
20, the Google effect (aka digital amnesia): We often forget information that is easy to find in search engines.
21, impedance theory: when freedom is restricted, we will be unhappy, so we will make some prohibited behaviors to release emotions.
22. Confirm bias: We tend to find and remember information that confirms our ideas.
23, backfire effect: when an incorrect information is corrected, if the corrected information does not match the original view of the person, it will deepen people's trust in the wrong information for no reason.
24, the third person effect: we will think that others are more influenced by the mass media than ourselves.
25, belief bias: When we judge whether a point of view is credible, it is not whether the point of view is correct, but whether we are willing to believe this point of view.
26. Usability Cascade: The more openly and repeatedly something is discussed, the more we will believe in the truth of this matter in order to integrate into society.
27, fading: we will be more inclined to romanticize the past and look negatively at the future, thinking that the whole world is going downhill.
28, the status quo bias: more inclined to stay the same, thinking that even a favorable change is a loss.
29 Sunk cost fallacy (aka commitment escalation): Even in the face of negative outcomes, people are not willing to give up their upfront investment, but will invest more in these doomed things.
30. The Gambler's Fallacy: The belief that future possibilities will be influenced by past events.
31, zero risk bias: people will seek to make small risks tend to zero, but will not somehow reduce the probability of large risks.
32, the framework effect: people often draw different conclusions from the same information, depending on how the information is presented.
33 Stereotypes: It is widely believed that although there is no specific personal information, members of a group must have some kind of same characteristics.
34, the homogeneous bias of the outer group: people will think that the outsiders are the same, and the people in their own circles are different.
35, authority bias: We trust the opinions of authoritative figures and are often influenced by them.
36 The placebo effect: When we believe that a certain (otherwise ineffective) treatment will work, it usually has a little physiological effect.
37 Survivor bias: People tend to focus on those that survive and ignore those that fail.
38. Mental activity is too fast: Our perception of time depends on trauma, drug use, and physical exertion.
39. The Law of Triviality (aka the Bike Shed Effect): People often pay disproportionate attention to trivial problems while avoiding more complex problems.
40, Zeignick memory effect: people are more likely to remember unfinished tasks than tasks that have already been completed.
41, the IKEA effect: people will value more things that they are involved in part of the creative process.
42 The Ben Franklin Effect: People like to help others. If we've already done someone a favor, we'd be more excited to help him another favor than get a reward from him.
43, the bystander effect: the more people around us, the less likely we are to help the victim.
44 Suggestive sensibility: We, especially children, sometimes mistake the questioner's thoughts for memories.
45 False memories: We mistake our imaginations for real memories.
46, hidden memory: we also mistake real memories for imagination.
47, clustering illusion: we will find patterns and laws in the original random data information.
48 Pessimistic bias: We sometimes overestimate the probability of a bad outcome.
49, optimistic bias: We are sometimes too optimistic about good results.
50, prejudice blind spots: people do not think that they are biased, but also feel that others are more extreme than ourselves.
Source | Mancode Krypton
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