"Sub-return" is known as return
Return to tradition And understand the charm of ancient culture together
Attribution to inheritance Contribute to the promotion of traditional culture
The Chinese civilization of the past 5,000 years has a long history and has been passed down to this day without interruption. On the one hand, it is because of the chinese nation's home-country feelings carved into the bone marrow; on the other hand, it is also due to the great wisdom of the Chinese ancestors who are good at recording and willing to inherit.
Before the invention and popularization of paper, there was an era in the mainland where bamboo and wood were the main writing materials. The use of Jian Mu roughly runs through the long history from Yin Shang to Tang Dynasty, which from the Han Dynasty, into the era of both Jian Mu and paper. After the Tang Dynasty, Jian Mu finally withdrew from the stage of history.
Taken from bamboo wood, pen and ink spring and autumn
Jian Mu (簡牍), a bamboo and wood chip used in ancient Chinese writing, is called an uncoiled book. In fact, it is a general term for several things, referring to bamboo jane, wooden jane, bamboo and wooden wood.
There is a difference between Jane and Mu:
"Shubun Takebe": "Jane, Yaya. ”
"Speaking of Texts and Films": "Oh, the book version is also." ”
The difference is based on the material: jane is made of bamboo, and mu is made of wood.
Distinguished by form: simple is a slender strip, which can be used for writing one or two lines of characters and often compiled together; it is in the shape of a wide body, which can be used to write multiple lines of text.
In terms of the structure of the text: the word "Jane" is from bamboo, the word "牍" is from the piece, and the "piece" is to cut the "wood" into half of the shape.
Books written in bamboo pieces are called "Jian Ce", and books written in woodblocks (also written as "boards") are called "plates". Long texts of more than 100 words are written on short policies, and short texts of less than 100 words are written on woodblocks. Most of the texts written on the woodblocks are related to official documents, household registrations, notices, letters, books and drawings.
The forms of Jian Mu are different, and there are many names recorded in the literature. The more important ones are Jane, Mu, and Yao, which are made of bamboo or wood, usually cut into long strips and polished on one side of the writing.
simple
Crafted from bamboo or wood, usually cut into long strips and polished on one side of the writing. The width of Jane is generally 0.5 to 1 cm, the thickness is several millimeters, and the length is determined according to the needs, and the Han Dynasty seems to have customized: the Confucian classics and government-issued laws use long Jane, and the Zhuzi Hundred Works use short Jane. The size of the Jane used varies from era to era.
documents
Most of them are wooden, and the difference with Jane is that it is several times wider, some are about 6 centimeters wide, and some are more than 15 centimeters, which is rectangular, so it is also called "square" or "version". It is often used to write contracts, prescriptions, almanacs, passes (passes), letters, etc.
goblet
Wood is cut into multi-sided prisms, up to seven or eight sides. Generally longer, some as long as more than 80 centimeters, more words, often used to copy "Urgent Chapter", "Cangjie Chapter" and other character books, can also be used as notes, drafts or practice words. Juyan and Dunhuang have been excavated more.
Judging from the excavated Jian Mu, the main content of its writing can be divided into two categories: one is the category of documents, and the other is the category of works.
Writing instruments
The writing instruments used for jianmu are pen, ink, and knife. The text on the jianmu is written in pen and ink, and the main purpose of the knife is to modify the wrong text, not for engraving. After Qin Shi Huang unified China, the lishu was used, and the font became round and square, so the official documents and letters were more used in lishu. One stroke after another, pen and ink horizontal posture, thousands of generations, forever passed down.
Wise and ingenious, the text is eternal
The production process of Jian Mu is cumbersome
Each process is unique
Seemingly rustic jane
In fact, it is condensed
The great wisdom in the lives of ancient peoples
Prepare the ingredients first
The materials for making Jane Mu are generally local materials, of which bamboo is the most extensive, generally in the north is mainly wood, and in the south, mostly bamboo.
Tablets and scraping
After the bamboo wood used a saw to intercept the material of the required size, the bamboo wood was then dismantled and scraped with axes, knives, cutters and other tools, so that the bamboo wood met the specifications, kept its width flat and easy to write.
Glue on the green
Qingqing refers to the grilling of bamboo tube semi-finished products on the fire, so that it loses moisture and solidifies the organic acid in the bamboo, which plays the role of insect prevention and easy ink book, and the greening also includes scraping off the green skin of the bamboo surface, which is convenient for writing in the bamboo yellow; the wooden Jane also needs to be dried, generally coated with a layer of glue on its surface, and does not penetrate the ink when writing.
Compilation
The pamphlet is generally made of silk or hemp into a book, or a bundle of bundles, a few pieces, more than dozens, depending on the content, the braiding rope is generally two can be three, more up to five, generally speaking, long articles are written first and then written, accounts, notes are written first and then compiled.
writing
Jian Mu writing has a specific writing format, and today's paper writing has a very close relationship, its book style, title, identifier number and other characteristics of the times are obvious, writing instruments generally include pen, ink, stone and book knife.
Between the dimensions the literature and history stretch
As an important carrier used to preserve writing in ancient times on the mainland, Jian Mu existed as a common way to preserve information, and the precious Jian Mu unveiled the mystery of distant history for us. The Book of Jian Mu records the government affairs and military affairs of different eras. Astronomical geography, agricultural medical knowledge, legal system, culture and education, the study of Confucius and Lao, and the words of the Hundred Sons and Hundred Schools have all been preserved because of the Simple Book.
Through the presentation of Jian Mu, the vast river of history seems to be in front of us. Through the narration of wenbo people, the culture of the millennium reverberates, and the words are still in the ears. Between the bamboo and wood of this size, we can walk into the mysterious space of the Shang Dynasty, which is strange and colorful, prosperous and brutal; marvel at the iron horse of Jinge in the Spring and Autumn And Warring States period, the vicissitudes of the wind and clouds, the victor is the king and the loser is the Kou; the culture of the Han Dynasty is prosperous, the national strength is strong, and the great unification momentum of the mountains and rivers is unharmed.
Before the invention of paper, Jian Mu was the main form of Chinese books, and the production of books in later generations was deeply influenced by Jian Shu. The calligraphic form of writing, from top to bottom, from right to left, also inherits the tradition of simple writing. It can be said that the Jian Mushu has laid the foundation for the art of calligraphy, and is the main body of calligraphy and the oldest form of writing.
Jian Mu had a profound influence on ancient Chinese culture, especially on ancient language and culture. Many of the wonderful words we use today are derived from Jian Mu. For example, the bracts are poles, the theory of not publishing, the history of fame, the bamboo is difficult to read, and the eyes are not three feet. If we do not know the existence of Jian Mu and the precipitation and accumulation of its past lives, we cannot understand the meaning of these few words.
Unearthed history
From the Western Han Dynasty to the Song Dynasty, Jian Mu was excavated about eight or nine times. Among them, there were two cases with greater influence: first, when King Lu Gong of The Han Dynasty found dozens of pamphlets written in the language of the Warring States period, such as the "Book of Shang", "Li Ji", and "Analects" in the old residence of Confucius, that is, the so-called "Book of the Wall", which caused a dispute over the classics and the modern and ancient literary schools that lasted for two thousand years; the second was that when a person named Quasi-Zhun in The Second Year of Emperor Taikang of the Jin Dynasty excavated the tomb of king Wei Xiang of the Warring States, he found dozens of cars of bamboo janes, which were sorted into 16 kinds of ancient books for a total of 75 articles, which is the so-called "Jizuka Book". Only a tiny fraction of them are still passed down from generation to generation.
On August 6, 2010, a large number of news of the Eastern Han Dynasty Jian Mu was found at the construction site of Wuyi Square Metro Line 2 in Changsha City, which shocked the archaeological community at home and abroad, and scholars from all walks of life flocked to the site, hoping to participate in the research and verification of the value and significance of the Jian Mu.
Most of these Janes are in the Collection of the Changsha Jane Mu Museum.
Located at No. 92, Baisha Road, Tianxin District, Changsha, Changsha Jianmu Museum was established in 2002 and is the first modern thematic museum in China that integrates the collection, protection, collation, research and display of Jianmu. In January 2017, Changsha Jianmu Museum was rated as a national first-class museum.
The exhibition area of Changsha Jianmu Museum is about 5,000 square meters, divided into two floors, and the first floor of the exhibition hall is "The Road of Civilization - Changsha Jianmu Museum Basic Exhibition", which is composed of four parts, "Wu Jian of the Three Kingdoms", "Chinese Jian Mu", "World Character Carrier" and "Chinese Jian Mu Calligraphy". The second floor is "Xiangshui Flowing Through - Jane Mu Exhibition Unearthed in Hunan Region", which is composed of two parts: "Xiaoxiang String Song" and "Jianli Lake Xiang".
Since its free opening in 2008, Changsha Jianmu Museum has held an average of more than 20 temporary exhibitions and more than 10 public lectures every year, and has long been committed to the social education and publicity activities of Jianmu knowledge and related history and culture. Over the years, a series of distinctive activity brands have been formed, especially various forms of social education publicity activities for the characteristics of minors.
The history is long and the context is long
From the 5th century BC to the 4th century AD
It is the journey that Jian Mu brought us through the millennium
Walk into the museum at your leisure
Approaching Jane
Explore those from Jane
The past and past that are not recorded in the history of the canon
Dialogue with history
Feel the simplicity and beauty that spans thousands of years
END
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ZIGUI
The Son returns to the King
Exhibit: "Starry Sky" University Student Melting Media Center
Planner: Lou Chenyi Hu Huifang
Photo: Xu Junlu
Text: Liu Qian
Editor: Chen Fei'er
Review: Fan Zeng