In the fourteenth year of orthodoxy (1449), the Ming Dynasty received information about the invasion of the Wallachian army led by The First, and Emperor Mingying's Zhu Qizhen personally led his troops to conquer the Walla, and as a result, he was surrounded and annihilated by the Wallachian at Tumu Fort, and the entire army was destroyed, and The town of Zhu Qi of MingyingZong was captured.
cause
After the Mongols were expelled from the capital, they split into three tribes, namely the Wuliangha, the Tatar, and the Wala. In the sixteenth year of Yongle (1418), Mahamu's son, Who had been beaten by Ming Chengzu Zhu Di, inherited his father's title, and in just six years he unified the Wallachians, and Dehuan supported the Golden Family to break away from the flowers and begin his military campaign to dominate Mongolia. In the fourth year of orthodoxy (1439), the ambitious Dehuan died, and he was succeeded by the ming dynasty's more terrible rivals. In just a few short years, it also attacked Hami to the west and Wuliangha to the east, and the Orthodox Decade also defeated the three guards of Wuliangha and unified Mongolia. Like his father, he dreamed all day about restoring the Great Yuan Dynasty, and when the Mongols were unified, they pointed the finger at the Ming Dynasty, and the difference was only a reason.
The Mongols did not cultivate land or spin yarn, and they could only get their daily necessities in two ways, one was exchange, and the other was robbery. But in Zhu Di's time, after several educations by Ming Chengzu, the Mongols were good not to ask him to beat me, my head was squeezed by the door and I robbed him, so the Mongols generally chose the first way.
The Mongol tribes mainly paid tribute to the Ming Dynasty every year, and the Ming government gave them corresponding rewards according to the amount of their tributes. Under normal circumstances, the value of the gifted goods is slightly more than the value of the tribute items, and at the same time, the other party must also be rewarded with tribute. First, in order to get more rewards, originally only once a year to do tribute, about fifty people came at a time, and gradually developed several tributes a year, each time it was still a few thousand people.
In February of the fourteenth year of the Ming Dynasty (1449), the Ming Dynasty Taishi also sent more than 2,000 people to pay tribute to horses, falsely claiming 3,000 people, to invite rewards to the Central Committee of the Ming Dynasty, and before that, he also had to pay bribes to Wang Zhen every time he came, but after a long time, he also forgot about this matter first. At this point, Wang Zhen was annoyed, and he actually wanted to reward me without sending me something, so Wang Zhen refused to give more rewards, gave rewards according to the actual number of people, and subtracted four-fifths of the horse price, failed to meet their requirements, and first created a provocation.
So in July of that year, he led all the departments and harassed the interior in four ways. East Road, attacking Liaodong by the Tutu Buhua and Wuliang Habu; West Road, the faction will attack Ganzhou (Zhangye, Gansu); The middle road was the focus of the attack, and it was divided into two branches, one commanded by the Arachi Temple, which directly attacked Xuanfu and besieged Chicheng, and the other led by Ye Xian personally attacked Datong. He also attacked Datong first, "the soldiers were very sharp, the Datong soldiers lost, and the castle outside the Saiwai fell." Wu Haozhan, a general of Datong, died in Maoerzhuang. The four generals, including Ming Madu Wei Jingyuan, each led tens of thousands of troops to resist the enemy.
He was a very capable general, and his expedition eased the tension at the time.
Wang Zhen
Royal Conquest
At that time, Emperor Mingying favored the eunuch Wang Zhen. Empress Zhang died of illness, and the elder Sanyang either died or degraded, and Wang Zhen was even more adept at weifu and had no fear. Since then, the great power has been monopolized, and the private party has been widely planted, so that his nephew Wang Shan is the commander of the Jinyi Guard, Wang Lin is the Jinyi Guard, and his henchmen are promoted to the rank of Jinlu one by one, and the Yellow Tengda is soaring. He also rejected dissidents and framed Zhongliang.
The news of the defeat on the Datong front continued to spread to Beijing, and Emperor Mingyingzong Zhu Qizhen, under Wang Zhen's incitement and hostage, prepared to march in person, just like his great-grandfather Zhu Di, and Wang Zhen also wanted to use this opportunity to make an immortal contribution. Facts have proved that as much as you have the ability, you can do as much as you want, and if you don't have the ability, it is better not to toss blindly.
Bingbu Shangshu Kuang and Shilang Yuqian "urged that the Sixth Division should not be lightened", and the official Shangshu Wang Zhiyi led his ministers to say: "Now the autumn and summer have not receded, the weather is hot, the drought has not returned, the grass is not abundant, the water spring is still congested, and the use of horses is not sufficient." Moreover, if the car is driving, if there is an urgent sound in the four directions, it can arrive as soon as possible. Other unforeseen disasters will not be guaranteed. Emperor Wanwang canceled the order of pro-conscription and selected another general to go to the conquest. Wang Zhi basically explained some of the necessary conditions for fighting a war very clearly, how to fight a war when the weather is hot and there is not enough grain and grass. However, Emperor Mingyingzong was partial to Wang Zhen and insisted on going his own way.
As we all know, the soldiers and horses have not moved, the grain and grass have gone first, and fighting a war is logistics. During Zhu Di's expedition, a large number of migrant workers would be requisitioned, and the preparation time was often as long as several months.
The 200,000-strong army under Emperor Yingzong's command took less than five days to set out. In the eyes of Wang Zhen, a fool, as long as the people are gathered together, it will be enough. I don't care at all about what marching route, where to rest, what to eat at night, how to transport grain and grass, these things he didn't think about at all, you don't want to think about it yourself, there are many people who can think for you, you good villains also listen to those generals, anyway, I don't listen, I want to go how to go, I want to go whenever I want to go, speaking of this, think about it, does Wang Zhen really have such a big power? Does Zhu Qizhen really not know anything? I don't think so, I'm afraid that many things are Zhu Qizhen's thoughts, and Wang Zhen is catering to Zhu Qizhen's thoughts a lot of the time.
Zhu Qi Town
Rushed troops
On July 17, 1449, emperor Yingzong ordered his brother Zhu Qiyu (朱祁钰), the king of Qi, to defend Beijing, and then led more than 100 officials with Wang Zhen to lead an army of 200,000, claiming to be 500,000, from Beijing. The British Gong ZhangFu, Chengguo Duke Zhu Yong, Bingbu Shangshu Kuang, Hubu Shangshu Wang Zuo, Cabinet Scholar Cao Nai, Zhang Yi and other escorts conscription, almost took away the civil and military officials of the imperial court.
The preparations for this expedition were hasty and improperly organized; soon after the departure of the large army, the army was in a state of panic, and before it reached Datong, there was no grain and grass in the army. People are constantly dying, and zombies are paving the way. Coupled with the wind and rain for several days, the people's feelings are fierce, and they have not yet reached the front line, and the military's heart is already unstable. Some of the accompanying officials, seeing this scene, once again asked Yingzong to return to the army. When Wang Zhen heard this, he was greatly annoyed, and in order to kill a hundred people, he specially punished the most powerful soldier Shangshu Kuang and Hubu Shangshu Wang Zuo to kneel in the grass until it was dark, and it can be seen from here that without Emperor Yingzong's order, Wang Zhen would never let a Bingbu Shangshu and a Hubu Shangshu kneel in the grass for a day. Later, Wang Zhen's fellow party member Peng Deqing obstructed him with celestial signs, but Wang Zhen did not listen, still forcing everyone to continue to move forward.
On August 1, Wang Zhen and Yingzong successfully entered Datong, and they saw that the Wala army was retreating northward, thinking that Wala was afraid of Yingzong's personal conquest and insisted on continuing to advance north. Kwong and the others deeply felt that they had not seen a single soldier or a pawn on the way, and it was not a good sign that they had not lost a single arrow, and they were afraid that the soldiers had a ruse. Therefore, he once again asked for a return to the army, reminding Wang Zhen not to ambush Zhongwa. Wang Zhen still did not listen.
Map of the Ming army marching
The next day, Wang Zhen's fellow eunuch Guo Jing (郭敬), a fellow member of Wang Zhen's party and the eunuch who guarded Datong, informed Wang Zhen of the fiasco of the previous few days' defeat on the front line, adding fuel to the fire and adding vinegar, and said that if he continued to advance northward, he would "be in the middle of the plan of Walla." Wang Zhen listened to Guo Jing's words, only to get scared, in the days when he was in power, he was a mighty blessing, not a lifetime, dreaming of making meritorious achievements, and he knew very well in his heart that he was a villain and a coward. So he hurriedly issued an order and withdrew from Datong the next day.
At this time, the army had just arrived in Datong, and if it was withdrawn on time, there would be no problem, and I didn't know what was going on with the 200,000 troops, after all, the number was here, and it was still okay to scare people
However, Wang Zhen, the eunuch, made another moth, and he wanted to make a trick. Wang Zhen's home was in Wei County, which was under the jurisdiction of Datong at that time, so he had to go to his hometown to see if he was fighting a war now, could he have some professional ethics.
In fact, Wang Zhen's mind is very simple, that is, to return to his hometown, let those who looked down on me before look down on me, you used to look down on me, now I have the support of the emperor, I want to beat whomever I want, I want to scold whoever I want, see you still look down on me, it is completely a villain's appearance.
The army then reversed direction and set out for Wei County, if it kept following this road, it could enter the capital from Bauhinia Pass, although Wang Zhen's motives were not pure, at least he could reach the capital safely.
Run hither and thither
It turns out that we all looked down on Wang Zhen too much
On August 3, the army was only fifty miles ahead, when the team suddenly stopped, received orders to change direction, return to Datong, and return to Beijing from Juyongguan.
This army was already extremely tired, and if it followed this road, it would not be able to reach the capital safely. If Wang Zhen's head had not been squeezed by the door, he really couldn't think of any legitimate reason to suddenly give such an order.
Wang Zhen's reason was really legitimate: the brigade's men and horses passing through Weizhou would definitely damage the pastoral crops of his hometown. It seems that Wang Zhen is still very noble, a person who has taken people's lives, embezzled and accepted bribes, and caused chaos to the country, actually cares about the Zhuang family in Wei County. Many people say that the fields in Wei County belong to Wang Zhen himself, which is why he is so calling. In fact, in my opinion, whether the field is his or not, he is just showing off his power, afraid of being scolded by his fellow villagers when he returns home.
On August 10, after a difficult trek, we finally arrived at Xuanfu, when morale was low, the soldiers were furious, and when they saw that the army could safely enter Juyongguan, everyone could breathe a sigh of relief. The one who had been trailing behind finally saw the true face of this Ming army, showed his fangs, and launched an attack.
The Ming army also discovered Ye Xian's attempt, and sent the main force Zhu Neng to command 50,000 cavalry to block the attack, according to the information of ke ka, there were only 20,000 cavalry first, and the result of 50,000 to 20,000 was: "Ambushed in the Harrier Ridge, and the 50,000 horses led by it were gone." "It can be seen that Zhu Neng is incompetent, but at least they died in battle, unlike the later Tumu Fort, which was suffocated."
The Ming army was besieged
Civil Fort
Departing from Xuanfu on August 10, the Ming army arrived at Tumu Fort in three days
Wang Zhen stepped up his retreat when Zhu Yong led his army to block the wa thorn. On August 13, he retreated to Tumu Fort (土木堡, in modern Huailai, Hebei). It was only 20 miles from Huailai City, and the accompanying civil and military officials all advocated entering Huailai City to camp. However, Wang Zhen thought that more than 1,000 heavy military vehicles had not arrived, and fearing that what he had looted would be damaged, he disregarded the safety of Yingzong and hundreds of thousands of troops and sent an order to camp at Tumu Fort. Here it is really impossible to think straight, according to the reason, Wang Zhen is also an old traitor, it is impossible to put himself in danger for some weight, even if it is for the sake of weight, is it not the same as retreating into Huailai City, why do you have to stop here and wait at this juncture, and then you can chase after it. According to my guess, it may be that Zhu Qizhen wants to stop and rest. A young man in his twenties, who is usually dressed in thorns and jade, when did he suffer from this kind of suffering? After the restoration of Zhu Qi Town, how to tell Wang Zhen.
Kwong repeatedly demanded that Yingzong rush into Juyongguan first to ensure safety, and at the same time organize elite troops to resist the enemy after breaking the rear. Wang Zhen ignored them. There was no way, Kwong alone broke into the Hall of Yingzong and asked Yingzong to hurry up. When Wang Zhen saw this, he was furious and scolded: "How can you, a corrupt Confucian, know about the use of soldiers, and if you talk nonsense, you will undoubtedly die!" Kuang Ye said, "If I speak out for the people of the community, why should I be afraid of capital crimes?" Wang Zhen ordered the guards around him to help him out of the big tent. Kuang and Wang Zuo wept opposite each other in the tent.
Fifteen miles south of Tumu Fort, there was a river, occupied by the Wala army, and the soldiers were hungry and thirsty, and there was still no water for digging a well. The next day, the Wala army surrounded the fort. People can endure not eating for three days, and not drink water for two days.
On August 15, he also sent envoys to make peace and took the initiative to withdraw to paralyze the Ming army. Emperor Mingyingzong did not doubt that he was deceitful, and sent Cao Nai to draft an edict. Wang Zhen ordered the camp to be moved to the water, and when the Ming army moved, the hungry and thirsty sergeants rose up and ran to the river, the men and horses were out of order, and the Wala army took the opportunity to launch an offensive and defeated the Ming army.
It doesn't matter if a person makes a mistake once, the terrible thing is that it keeps making mistakes. It doesn't matter if you lack ability, if you can brainstorm and listen to the opinions of others, it is also very good, such a stupid person as Wang Zhen, I am afraid that there are very few in the world.
Emperor Ming Yingzong Zhu Qizhen was captured
finale
Emperor Yingzong was captured, Wang Zhen died at the hands of Fan Zhong, more than 200,000 Ming troops were wounded in half, one-third of the dead, dozens of civilian and military officials were also killed or wounded, 200,000 horses were lost, and countless losses of armor and equipment were lost. Among the courtiers who died in the Tumu Fort Rebellion, The Prince of Taishi, The Marquis of Taining, Chen Ying, the Duke of Qima, Jingyuan, the Pingxiang Bo Chen Huai, the Xiangcheng Bo Li Zhen, the Sui'an Bo Chen, the Xiuwu Bo Shen Rong, the Governor Liang Cheng, the Governor Wang Gui, the Hubu Shangshu Wang Zuo, the Bingbu Shangshu Kuang Ye, the Official's Left Shilang and Hanlin Academy Scholar Cao Nai, the Punishment Department Right Attendant Ding Xuan, the Gongbu Right Attendant Lang Lord Yonghe, the Duchayuan Right Deputy Du Yushi Deng Li, the Hanlin Academy Attendant Zhang Yi, the General Secretary zuo Tong Zheng Gong Quan'an, the Taichang Temple Shaoqing Huang Yangzheng, Dai Qingzu, Wang Yiju, and the Taibu Temple Shaoqing Liu Rong , Shang Bao Shaoqing Lingzhu, Zhi Zhongzhong Bao Liangzuo, Yao Qiao, Bao Hui, Zhongshu Sheren Yu Gong, Pan Cheng, Qian Yu, Inspector Yushi Zhang Hong, Huang Bao, Wei Zhen, Xia Cheng, Shen You, Yin Zhen, Tong Cunde, Sun Qing, Lin Xiangfeng, Lang Zhongqi Wang, Feng Xueming, Yuanwailang Wang Jian, Cheng Siwen, Fang, Lu Duan, Chief Yu Jian, Zhang Tang, Zheng Xuan, Deputy Ma Yu of Dali Temple, Pedestrian Si Zheng Yin Chang, Pedestrian Luo Ruyong, Qin Tianjian Xia Guan Zheng Liu Xin, Preface Ban Li Gong, Shi Yu and other fifty-two people all died in the melee.
When the news reached Beijing, hundreds of officials cried loudly at the court. Later, the empress dowager ordered Emperor Yingzong's younger brother Zhu Qiyu (朱祁钰) the Prince of Qi to oversee the state. The imperial envoy Chen Yi played the role of King Huan, counting Wang Zhen's sins, and they said with sorrow and indignation: "Wang Zhen's sins are not to be blamed, and there is still a remnant of death." If His Highness had not been canonically exterminated his family, his subjects would have died here today. "Say it, get down on your knees. At this time, Wang Zhen's nemesis Ma Shun also covered Wang Zhen's side and drank from his subjects. Seeing that Ma Shun was still pretending, Wang Shun was furious and grabbed Ma Shun, punched and kicked him, and killed him on the spot. The angry people killed Wang Zhen's other two henchmen, the eunuch Mao Gui and Wang Changsui, on the spot. Then, Zhu Qiyu ordered the killing of Wang Zhen's nephew Wang Shan and Wang Zhen's party, dragging Ma Shun's corpse to the street for public display, and the Wang Zhen family was beheaded regardless of age and young, and there was no Wang Zhen family property.
However, after the restoration of Emperor Yingzong, he missed Wang Zhen endlessly, and issued an edict to justify his name, and used Xiangmu as a statue of Wang Zhen to sacrifice and summon souls. In the first year of Tianshun (1457), Emperor Yingzong built the Jingzhong Ancestral Hall for Wang Zhen in the north courtyard of the Zhihua Temple in the capital to sacrifice the dead. It can be seen that in Zhu Qizhen's heart, all the things That Wang Zhen did were right, the 200,000 Ming army that died, the dead Civil and Military Officials were not Wang Zhen's fault, that was not Wang Zhen's fault, it was obviously your Zhu Qizhen's fault, from beginning to end Wang Zhen was your agent of Zhu QiZhen, you also know that Wang Zhen was being black cauldroned for you, so as soon as you came to power, you justified his name, isn't this the three hundred and two silver here.