Speaking of Guan Yu, in everyone's mind, the familiar image of the God of War will surely appear!
Wearing armor, holding the green dragon crescent knife in his hand, and chasing the wind and red rabbit horse at his feet, it is the Buddha who blocks the killing of the Buddha, and the god blocks the killing of the god.
Cut off The Face, Curse the Ugly, Capture the Forbidden, Drown the Seventh Army, ancient and modern, who does not know the name of the second brother of Guan?
But who expected that such a tiger general would end up in the end, carelessly losing Jingzhou, and the soldiers were defeated and killed.
In the past, we have blamed carelessness for its failure.
But who knows, in 1996, a bamboo stick unearthed at the Hunan construction site revealed the truth of this section, which has been sealed for thousands of years!
Among them, 21 words are completely overturned, and the statement of "careless defeat of the army" is completely overturned.
Before and after the defeat of Maicheng
In 219 AD, Guan Yu was ordered to go north to Xiangfan, during which time, relying on the strength of the soldiers and horses, he won the battle, surrounded Cao Ren, lost to the forbidden, and beheaded Pound, and overnight, the prestige of Kyushu!
So much so that even Cao Cao, who was thousands of miles away, was frightened and planned to move the capital overnight, and finally, under the persuasion of Manchu Wenwu, agreed to fight against Guan Yu with his brother Xiahou Huan.
A month later, he gathered most of the Wei forces and tried to intercept them south, during which time, in order to ensure that nothing was wrong, he also sent people to contact Sun Quan of Jiangdong.
As we all know, Sun Quan has always been a wall-headed grass, who strongly surrendered to whom, plus, for the ownership of Jingzhou, Eastern Wu and Liu Bei, have long torn their faces, so, not surprisingly, Cao Cao and Sun Quan colluded together, Shang pleased, and killed Guan Yu's plan! And this plan is the famous one in later generations - crossing the river in white clothes.
At that time, Guan Yu, who was fierce, took away a large number of elites in the city in order to complete the Northern Expedition, and this violated the taboo of the soldiers - the rear was empty.
Guan Er Ye domineering map
Lü Meng of Eastern Wu, it was precisely because he saw this that he quietly put the soldiers, disguised as merchants, secretly entered Jingzhou, and finally, with Cao Cao in the north, he should cooperate with the outside, taking advantage of Guan Yu's battle, stabbing the knife in the rear, occupying Jingzhou in one breath, the news spread to the front line, Guan Yu's army was greatly frustrated, and finally the soldiers defeated Maicheng and ended up dead.
Throughout the ages, whenever this matter is discussed, historians often blame the reason for the failure on two points:
First, Guan Yu is arrogant and arrogant, and he is self-conscious;
Second, the employment of personnel is improper.
In particular, Mi Fang and Fu Shiren, these two people were entrusted by Guan Yu to be reused, one controlling Nan County, the other presiding over the public security, were all places where soldiers and families had to fight, but after learning that Guan Yu was under siege, they surrendered without saying a word.
It was this kind of move that led to the 119 Yi throughout Jingzhou triggering the "domino effect", and it was not long before all of them defected and fell into the hands of Sun Quan.
The most unexpected thing is that just when Guan Yu was planning to revitalize the army and retake Jingzhou, his subordinates had a large number of escapes, and the tens of thousands of troops that were originally fully equipped collapsed in an instant within a few days, and it was this momentum of defeat that finally made Guan Yu fall into Sun Quan's ambush and be defeated and killed.
So the question is, why did Mi Fang and Fu Shiren surrender eagerly?
Why did Guan Yu's soldiers choose to "betray" halfway?
Just when the experts were puzzled, a group of Wu Jian excavated in Changsha gave us the answer.
Defeat Maicheng
Walking horse building Wu Jian
Changsha, located in the ancient Jingzhou territory, since ancient times, here is a place where soldiers must fight, historically, the stories that happened here, countless, so from time to time underground, some precious cultural relics and historical materials will be unearthed.
In November 1996, a group of migrant workers were busy on the construction site, not far from Wuyi Square, according to the plan, in the future, high-rise buildings will be built here, foreign investment.
Early in the morning of the 17th, in the noise, the workers found that there was a foreign object in the reservoir, and when the archaeologists arrived, the site had been sealed off. Historically, although Changsha City has experienced several wars, the original site has not changed much, and Wuyi Square has always been located in the center of the city.
After cleaning, the researchers found a batch of wooden planks with writing from the reservoir.
"This is Bamboo Jane, a precious cultural relic!"
The leading captain immediately informed his superiors of the situation, and a few days later, construction stopped and the area was cordoned off.
Unearthed bamboo Jane
After rescue excavations, the archaeological team in the area, a total of 140,000 pieces of bamboo Jane, which is the ancients, the "book" of history. After identification, the batch of bamboo janes unearthed from the ZoumaLou records exactly the archives of Sun Quan's government, although it has undergone 1,700 years of changes, but the text on it is still clear and legible.
Bamboo Jane in the Sun Quan period
Among them, it includes the taxes, household registration, and people's feelings of the counties under the jurisdiction of Jingzhou. And this, for uncovering the truth of Guan Yu's death, has important reference value!
The truth of the defeat surfaced
Wu Jianzhong clearly wrote that "around 229 AD, the Shu army withdrew from Changsha." This is very consistent with the historical records that after Sun Quan killed Guan Yu, the Shu army was defeated, so experts confirmed the authenticity of Zhu Jian, and with the deepening of the investigation, the reasons for Guan Yu's defeat slowly appeared in front of their eyes...
"The number of upper, middle and lower grade households is thin, seven of them are upper grades, and its 119 lower grades"
According to the study, experts learned that in Jingzhou City at that time, men, women and children were divided into three categories: according to the amount of wealth, from high to low, it was divided into three products.
The upper grade, that is, the high-ranking officials and nobles, the rich household level; the middle grade, barely have no worries about food and clothing, and the lower product is the vast number of poor people. According to the content of Zhu Jian, we can know that during Guan Yu's reign in Jingzhou, the gap between rich and poor in the city was shocking!
The poor accounted for more than 80%, and there were only a few rich, because the huge disparity in wealth led to frequent conflicts between the upper and lower products, and even in the year when Guan Yu sent troops and conquered Cao Cao, there was a conflict between the two.
Infighting is constant
It can be seen from this that Jingzhou has never been an ironclad piece under Guan Yu's hands, and on the surface, it seems that the tiger is on one side, and behind its back, the tide has long been surging in the dark, in addition, the generals are also their own masters, and they are jealous of each other.
As we all know, Jingzhou was originally Liu Biao's territory, and later, because of the yin and yang mistakes, it fell into the hands of Liu Bei, and this led to the Jingzhou water army under the original Liu Biao's account disobeying Guan Yu and others. In the event of a war, the light will flee, and the heavy will turn against each other.
The researchers, in the unearthed Wu Jian, found evidence:
"Military officials, Dongyang Li, increase Ding ten thousand." Twenty-four years after Jian'an, Qiu, defected. “
The translation is: Guan Yu recruited 10,000 soldiers in Jingzhou, and as a result, in the autumn of the twenty-fourth year of Jian'an, which was also the day of Guan Yu's Northern Expedition, they all defected!
The reason for this is nothing more than two points:
First, the military and people of Jingzhou originally hated war, after all, fighting a war would kill people;
The second is guan yu's old department and the local forces in Jingzhou, water and fire are intolerable, just so-called, one mountain does not tolerate two tigers, in this situation, the collapse of Jingzhou is sooner or later.
Jingzhou is troubled internally and externally
It is also true that after Lü Meng led his army into Jingzhou, he basically encountered no resistance, and only by relying on one mouth, he persuaded Mi Fang, Fu Shiren's generation, Kaesong to surrender, and after entering the city, the Eastern Wu army, even more Qiu, did not commit any crimes, gave the people all kinds of sympathies, and finally, the soldiers took Jingzhou without bloodshed.
Lumont
On the other hand, Guan Yu's side, after learning that Jingzhou was lost, was so angry that he almost fainted!
Wu Jian recorded: "Yu made people and Mengxiang, Yuren also heard the news, Xian knew that the door was unharmed, and saw that it was too usual, so Yu Shi had no fighting heart", which means "After the loss of Jingzhou, Guan Yu sent his subordinates to question Lü Meng, why didn't he keep his promises?" When the subordinates returned, they privately told their partners that "the families in the city are intact, which has led to a sharp decline in the morale of the soldiers and a loss of morale."
According to the Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms, when Liu Bei deployed his troops, he used Guan Yu and Zhuge Liang to guard Jingzhou, while he took tens of thousands of elites and went to Yizhou, and it was this move that led to Guan Yu's subordinates, most of whom were temporary militia recruited from Jingzhou. These people often lack loyalty and can have many lords in one place in order to live. In addition, wives and children are around, and their desire for war is far less than that of the soldiers in the north. Therefore, no matter how brave Guan Yu was, he could not command a flock of sheep to fight against Cao Wei's wolves.
Not to mention, there was still an ambush around him, a cunning Lü Meng, this "Wuxia Amon" had already seen through it, jingzhou's hypocrisy, as soon as he struck, he directly smashed huanglong, first appeased the people of Jingzhou, so that the soldiers in the front lost their fighting spirit, and then took advantage of the contradiction between Guan Yu and the jingzhou shifu to kick out this tiger general who "shocked Huaxia", so it can be seen that the defection between Mi Fang and Fu Shiren was only a superficial phenomenon, and what really made Guan Yu's soldiers lose was still "unpopular."
Breath of blood
The impact of Guan Yu's death
Guan Yu's death was a fatal blow to Shu Han.
Longzhong pair
As early as the "Longzhong Pair", Zhuge Liang had planned for Liu Bei: once the time came, "external sun quan" and "internal revision of political reasoning", waiting for "changes in the world", he could send troops from Jingzhou and Yizhou to attack Cao Wei.
As a heavy minister of Shu Han and liu Bei's second brother, Guan Yu was originally responsible for "marrying Sun Quan outside", but as a result, because of the intensification of contradictions, the military was heartbroken, Jingzhou was snatched away by Sun Quan, and he also ended up in a different place. This directly led to the miscarriage of the "Lung Chung Plan". History proves that Guan Yu's death caused Shu Han's vitality to be seriously injured, and for more than ten years, he did not recover.
The second master has been ancient
Conclusion
Of course, the situation in Jingzhou cannot all be packaged and thrown at Guan Yu.
After all, his main business is still to fight wars, in that war-torn era, surviving first is the most important, as for civil affairs, it can only be left to time to solve.
In addition, Jingzhou has been the thoroughfare of nine provinces since ancient times, the traffic is prominent, and in history, there are countless heroes who have occupied here, so the situation here is far from the surface, so calm.
Rather than saying that Guan Yu lost Jingzhou, it is better to say that Shu Han was eliminated in this competition.
Guan Yu domineering diagram
After all, the reason for this failure can be traced back to Liu Bei at the earliest. Of course, Liu Bei, as the eldest brother, did not live up to the friendship of the second brother, learning that Guan Yu was dead, pouring out the troops of the whole country to fight against Eastern Wu, and as a result, he was accidentally in Yiling, and was burned by Lu Xun, and ended up in the fate of a white emperor.
It can be seen from this that the gains and losses of Jingzhou are not in Guan Yu, but in the people's hearts, and the so-called "self-indulgence" and "carelessness" are just excuses for posterity.