Jiangjin, the land of Cuba. In Xia's Yugong, Jiangjin is the domain of Liang Prefecture, and Shang is incorporated into Yong Prefecture. In the fifth year of the Southern Qi Dynasty (487 AD), Jiangzhou County moved from the county town of Jiangzhou to rule the mouth of the river, and the regional counties were established from then on. During the Northern Dynasty of western Wei (535-556 AD), Jiangzhou County was changed to Jiangyang County, qimen county, county rule Jiangyang, and lead Jiangyang county. In the first year of the Northern Zhou Dynasty (557 AD), the county administration was moved to the present few rivers. In the eighteenth year of the Sui Kai Emperor (598 AD), jiangyang county was changed to Jiangjin county because the county seat was located in the key jin of the Yangtze River. The county of Tang and Song dynasties changed several times, and until the end of the Song Dynasty, the establishment of Jiangjin County did not move again. In the 16th year of the Yuan Dynasty (1279 AD), Jiangjin County came under the jurisdiction of the Governor's Office of Chongqing Road in Sichuan Province. The Ming and Qing dynasties were subordinate to Chongqing Prefecture[1].
Youshifeng Tomb Group is located in the third group of Beegang Village, Wushi Community, Youxi Town, Jiangjin District. According to the "Handbook of Place Names in Jiangjin County", "Because the general Wu Whip fled to the main temple of Chuan at the end of the Ming Dynasty as a monk, the gentry were greeted, the temple was Wu's Temple, and the township was also renamed to its current name." 23 square kilometers, 14,726 people. Resident Kure Market, periods one, four, eight"[2]. Wu's Temple is also located in Wu's Field,[3] and Wu's Farm is eighty miles from the city.[4] The Chronicle of Jiangjin County of the Republic of China states: "Wu Market belongs to the Ninth District, and the right belongs to Liuhe Town [5]". Youshifeng Tomb Group is 1.9 kilometers away from Wu City in the southwest, the surrounding terrain is open, mainly shallow hills and low mountains, and the tomb group as a whole faces northwest and sits southeast. To the northwest is the end of the Cloud Mountain, where the Cloud Mountain first forks and then closes, and the forked area is a parallel trough valley, and the caves in the trough valley develop. The southeast direction is Niubei Mountain, and across the Niubei Mountain is the Yangtze River, where the Yangtze River forms a "few" glyph-shaped bay, which surrounds the Niubei Mountain.
Figure 1 Topography map around the Peak Tombs in Youshi
First, the general situation of discovery
From August to November 2021, in order to cooperate with the construction of the Jiangjin-Luzhou North Line Expressway (Chongqing Section), the Chongqing Municipal Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology and the Jiangjin District Cultural Relics Management Institute carried out cooperative archaeological excavations on the Youshifeng Tomb Group, with an excavation area of 600 square meters. A total of 42 tombs were cleaned up in this work, most of the era was the Ming Dynasty, some tombs were seriously damaged, no excavated relics were found, and the era may enter the Qing Dynasty. Among the 42 tombs, there are 12 brick chamber tombs and 30 stone chamber tombs, and there are single rooms, double chambers and three chambers in the brick chamber tombs, mainly double chambers; stone chamber tombs have single rooms, double chambers and multi-chambers, mainly double chambers and multi-chambers.
Figure 2 Scene of the excavation area of the Peak Tomb Group in Youshi City
2. Tomb shape system
There are a total of 30 stone chamber tombs, including 5 single-chamber tombs, 15 double-chamber tombs and 10 multi-chamber tombs. Due to early theft and construction damage, the overall preservation of the stone chamber tomb is poor. The overall construction of the tomb is basically the same, which is composed of the tomb door, the tomb chamber, the side niches, the coffin bed, the drainage ditch, the tomb roof, the rear niche and other parts, and the tomb walls are shared between the tombs. There are tombs with tomb doors, most of which are vertical doors, but there are also a small number of people who seal the doors with a single stone slab. Judging from the existing materials, the internal structure of the tomb is not much different, and there are side niches on the left and right sides of individual tombs, and most tombs do not see side niches. The top of the tomb has two kinds of flat roof and algae well roof, most of which are flat tops, and the rear niches are mainly flame-shaped door frame tops, and a small number are plain surfaces.
Figure III Tomb No. 40
Fig. 4 M17-2 rear niche
There are a total of 12 brick chamber tombs, including 3 single-chamber tombs, 7 double-chamber tombs, and 2 multi-chamber tombs (three chambers). The construction method of the brick chamber tomb is basically the same, all of which are first dug into the vertical cave soil, and then the tomb chamber is built in the tomb, the tomb plan is rectangular, constructed with a regular cyan wedge and rectangular brick, the bricks are bonded with lime glutinous rice adhesive, and the lime pulp about 1 cm thick is poured on the surface of the tomb roof, which plays a moisture-proof and a certain degree of anti-theft. The tomb consists of a prayer platform, an external drainage system, a tomb door, a coffin bed, a drainage ditch, a burial chamber, a coupon roof, and a back niche. Worship platform and tomb drainage system can only be seen in individual burial chambers; tomb doors are generally single-storey, individual tombs are double-layered tomb doors; coffin beds are generally paved with one shun and one ding, individual burial chambers do not see coffin beds or coffin beds made of lime, and there are drainage ditches around the coffin beds; the rear niches have square, triangular and trapezoidal three types, mainly trapezoidal; some tombs have passages between the two chambers; whether it is a double-chamber tomb or a multi-chamber tomb, the tomb wall is not shared between the burial chambers.
Fig. 5 Tomb No. 11
3. Burial utensils
A total of 137 burial artifacts were unearthed in this tomb group, mainly porcelain and bronze, mainly porcelain. Porcelain mainly includes flowing pots, barn jars, bowls, lamps, saucers, etc., and bronze ware is mainly copper hairpins and copper mirrors. In addition to locally fired general porcelain, there are also a small amount of celadon and white porcelain. From the perspective of burial utensils, pots, pots, bowls, and lamps are a common combination of utensils from Ming Dynasty tombs in Yuxi.
Fig. 6 Artifacts excavated from Tomb No. 33
Fourth, preliminary understanding
Family cemeteries generally refer to cemeteries where members of the same family are roughly in the same area, arranged and distributed in a certain order. The layout and arrangement of the family cemetery is the embodiment of the generational relationship and blood relationship of a family. As a whole, these tombs have a certain layout law, along the mountain-shaped terrain, from bottom to top in a row distribution, a total of 4 rows. However, there are multiple groups of overlapping relationships between rows and rows, and between rows of tombs. In addition, the direction of the tomb is generally sitting east and facing west, but there are certain differences between individuals, and the tomb orientation is between 249 ° (Tomb 11) and 282 ° (Tomb 5). Generally speaking, there will be a unified planning of the family cemetery, and the distribution, orientation, specifications, location, etc. of the tomb will have relatively unified requirements, especially there will be no obvious morning and evening superposition and breaking of the relationship. Based on the preliminary analysis of the above archaeological phenomena, the tomb group has a long period of time, and since no clear epitaphs or tomb vouchers have been found, it is speculated that it should not be a unified planning and construction of a family cemetery, but a public cemetery of multiple families (families).
In addition, the phenomenon of secondary burial has continued from the prehistoric period to modern times, according to the characteristics of burial, secondary burial can be roughly divided into single secondary burial, multiple secondary burial, secondary burial and other burial styles coexisting with the tomb, and moving in and out of the burial. According to the different burial processes, the secondary burial has the same burial in the same room, the second burial in the same cave and the same room, and the second burial in the same cave [6]. For secondary burials, the current academic community usually defines it as a more unique burial style. Mr. Wang Jisheng believes: "The burial style of secondary burial is to burn the soft tissues such as the skin, flesh and internal organs of the deceased, and then collect the bones and bury them, which is a form of burial in mainland burial customs. [7] Some scholars believe that "the so-called secondary burial refers to the burial behavior of using different methods such as weathering, soiling, cremation, and water immersion to make the soft tissues of the deceased's skin, flesh, internal organs, etc. decay, and then collect the bones and dispose of them once or twice or more[8], and some people call it bone washing burial, or bone picking burial [9]. The main body of such tombs is both adults and infants. At the same time, archaeological findings of juvenile tombs in the prehistoric period of the Ganqing area show that there are two possible forms of the location of the juvenile burial area: one is to be buried near the site, and the other is to be buried on the edge of the cemetery. These separately buried minors may be predominantly young infants and young children, and burial customs differ from those of adults[10], suggesting a kinship relationship that maintains family (clan) kinship.
Two similar tombs of this type were found in the Youshifeng Tomb Group, with smaller specifications, numbered Tomb 24 and Tomb 25. Tomb No. 24, a stone chamber tomb, a single chamber, next to Tomb No. 12, is superimposed on Top of Tomb 11. It is about 0.5 meters wide and 1.2 meters deep. The structure of the burial chamber is extremely simple, and the roof is simply covered with a strip of stone, and no relics are found in the tomb. Tomb No. 25, the Stone Chamber Tomb, juxtaposed with three chambers, next to Tomb No. 37, is superimposed on Top of Tomb No. 22. The single burial chamber is 0.94 meters long, 0.32 meters wide and 0.32 meters high. The structure of the burial chamber is extremely simple, and it is also simple to cover the roof with a strip of stone, and there are no burial items. This type of tomb was carefully identified during the excavation process of filling the soil in its tomb chamber, due to the excessive water retention, coupled with the shallow filling of the soil, there were no relics or other signs, is its nature a secondary burial? Are the main people buried minors or adults? Further archaeological findings are yet to be verified.
Figure VII Tomb No. 25
Overall, although the tombs found in the Youshifeng Tomb Group were destroyed, some of them only left the bottom of the burial chamber, but their overall scale is larger, the relationship between stacking and breaking is more, the excavated burial products are more abundant, and the combination of utensils is fixed, which adds new physical materials to the study of the spatial layout, funerary customs and the evolution of excavated relics in the Ming Dynasty tombs in Chongqing.
exegesis:
[1] Editorial Committee of Jiangjin Yearbook, Office of jiangjin district people's government of Chongqing: Jiangjin yearbook (2020), Sichuan Nationalities Publishing House, 2020.
[2] Jiangjin County Geographical Names Office: Handbook of Geographical Names of Jiangjin County, 1987.
[3] Wang Huangxiu, Yuan Fangcheng, et al., Chronicles of Jiangjin County, vol. 2, "DiYu Zhi and Temple View", Qing Guangxu First Year Inscribed Edition, Phoenix Publishing House, p. 469.
[4] Chronicle of Jiangjin County, vol. 2, "Di Yu Zhi Chang Zhen", Qing Guangxu First Year Engraving, Phoenix Publishing House, p. 476.
[5] Nie Shuwen et al., Liu Zejia et al., Chronicle of Jiangjin County, vol. 1, Geography and Towns, Thirteenth Year Of the Republic of China, Phoenix Publishing House, p. 25.
[6] Xu Cailian: "A Preliminary Study on secondary burial in mogou Qijia cultural cemetery", Master's Thesis of Northwest University, 2012.
[7] Wang Jisheng, "Death is Like Life: Funeral Ethics and Chinese Culture", Baijia Publishing House, 2002.
[8] Xu Jijun and He Yun'ao, Chinese Funeral Customs, Zhejiang People's Publishing House, 1991.
[9] Wan Jianzhong, Funerals of Chinese Dynasties, Beijing Library Press, 1998.
[10] Chen Honghai and Zhou Haoran, "Analysis of the Burial of Minors in the Prehistoric Period of Ganqing Area", Archaeology and Cultural Relics, No. 2, 2013.
Contributor: Gao Lei, Niu Yingbin
Editor-in-charge: Dong Yongjia
Editor: Liu Wei
Review: Lin Bizhong
About author:Gao Lei, Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Chongqing Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Librarian of Culture and Museum. Niu Yingbin, Grotto Archaeology Center, Chongqing Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, deputy research librarian of Wenbo.
Reprinted from Chongqing Archaeology