Section 1: Su Shi's outlook on life and creative path
One. Su Shi (苏轼), zi zhan (字子瞻), was a resident of Dongpo.
Two. Taking the Confucian system as the foundation, immersion in interpretation and Taoist thought are the philosophical foundations of Su Shi's outlook on life.
Three. The confucian spirit of perseverance, Lao Zhuang's transcendent attitude of contempt for limited time and space and material environment, and Zen Buddhism's concept of treating all changes with a normal mind are organically combined, and the attitude of life is optimistic and open.
Four. The demeaning careers of Huangzhou, Huizhou and Danzhou have enabled Su Shi to deeply understand society and life, and has also made his creations more profoundly show the inner emotional waves, and adversity has contributed to his creation.
Section 2: Su Shi's Ancient Texts and Dictionaries, 46
Good at refurbishing surprising argumentative essays The perfect combination of narrative, lyricism, and reasoning
One. Nature and majesty. Literary thought attaches equal importance to literature and taoism, and respects Han and Europe. Uniqueness:
(1) It is believed that the art of the article has independent value, and is not only a tool for carrying the Tao, but its expressive function is the advanced form of spiritual activity: "Things are inherently reasonable, and the suffering of suffering is not known, and the suffering of knowledge cannot be reached by the mouth and hands." ("Reply to Pious Yu Kuo")
(2) Su Shi's "Tao" is not limited to the Confucian way, but refers to the laws of things in general; advocates that articles should be natural and natural, and has a full posture; advocates the diversification and vividness of artistic styles, and opposes the uniform and unified style of writing.
Two. Eclectic artistic boldness. Su Shi's prose is colorful and artistic:
(1) Origins: Mencius and the Warring States Zongheng family's majestic momentum, Zhuangzi's rich associations and natural and wanton writing style.
(2) High expressiveness, the style changes freely with different objects of expression, and is natural and smooth;
(3) Han Wen relies on eloquence and layout to gain momentum; Su Wen achieves the same goal by means of exerting his wishes and gushing with thoughts, and his momentum is majestic, but his language is easy and natural.
Three. Argumentative essay.
(1) In the early years, the theory of history had a strong habit of being a cross-sectionalist, and sometimes pretended to be a surprising theory without righteousness, such as "Jia Yi's Theory" and "Fan Zeng's Theory"; there were many unique insights, such as "The Theory of Liu Hou" and "TheOry of Ping wang", which were novel and profound and enlightening.
(2) In the early years, political essays also had similar stylistic characteristics, and then the habits of the Zongheng family weakened, such as the playing of Yuan Youhou.
(3) Miscellaneous sayings, writings, prefaces, etc. Good at renovating surprising, lively form, vivid discussion, often sandwiched between narratives, with lyricism, with artistic appeal to strengthen logical persuasion, more American nature. For example, "Japanese Metaphor" and "Wen and Can Be Painted Yundang Valley Yan Bamboo Record".
Four. Narrative, lyricism, and argumentation functions blend, such as "The Record of Stone Bell Mountain".
Five. Su Wen takes "cida" as the criterion, when the line is done, when the stop is stopped, there are few words and sentences, such as his notes, such as "Remembering the Day and Night Tour".
Six. Lexicon and four six.
(1) Cifu inherits the European tradition, more integrates the ancient Chinese sparse and scattered atmosphere, and absorbs the lyrical meaning of poetry, such as "Chibi Fu" and "Post-Chibi Fu".
(2) Four or six. During his tenure, he was thick and majestic; after being degraded, he was truly touching, such as the "Xie Liang Moving Ruzhou Table".
Section 3: Su Shi's Poems
One. Intervention in society and reflection on life.
(1) Criticism of the theme of reality.
1. He often wrote about the folk sufferings he had heard and seen into his poems, such as "The Night Snow Left in Weizhou on the First Day of the First Day of the First Day and the Snow Restoration" to write about the peasants in the north who suffered from the plague of locust drought; "Sending huang shi is to go to the two Zhejiang Xian" to write about the people under the flood disaster in the south.
2. Social criticism is not limited to the New Deal or the present, attacking the bad habits of feudal society, reflecting a deeper sense of criticism. Such as "Li Zhi Sigh".
(2) Be good at summing up experience from life encounters and seeing laws from objective things. From the content of ordinary life and natural scenery, profound truths are seen, such as "Title XilinBi" and "Hezi is nostalgic by Shichi Pond", natural phenomena rise to philosophy, life feelings are transformed into rational reflection, and philosophy is expressed through vivid and vivid artistic imagery. Similar works such as "Sizhou Sangha Pagoda", "Drinking on the Lake after the First Sunny Rain", "Ci Lake Clamps the Wind" and so on.
2. Optimistic and open-minded spirit.
(i) Psalms in the midst of adversity have a bitter, resentful and depressed side, such as "Two Songs of Cold Food and Rain".
(ii) More manifestations of pride in suffering and transcendence of suffering. For example, "The First To Huangzhou" (the Yangtze River goes around Guo Zhiyumei, good bamboo and mountain jue bamboo shoots), "Dongpo" (Mo Xiang Qi's Slope Head Road, Self-Love Sonorous Dragging Cane Sound), "Two Songs of Eating LiZhi" No. 2 (Three hundred Lizhi of the Day, not quit being a Lingnanian).
(3) The core of the optimistic spirit is the firm belief in life and the spirit of struggle, so Su Shi's writing posture is soaring, the words are magnificent, and there is no illness of decay, fatigue and decadence, such as "Crossing the Sea on the Night of June 20th".
Three. Skillful use and transcendence of artistic skills.
(1) The metaphor is vivid and novel, such as "The spring rain passes over Luo Lu" ("South Garden"), "it is like a rabbit walking an eagle and a falcon falling, and a horse betting on a thousand slopes." The broken string left the column arrow out of his hand, and the flying electricity turned over the gap bead" "Hundred Steps Hong".
(2) Because of the excessive use of the codex, it was criticized by posterity; in most cases, the use of the codex was safe and precise, and it was natural, such as comforting Li Liao, who was in the first place, said: "Ordinary life says that the ancient battlefield, passing the eyes will eventually be lost in the five colors." ”
(3) Fight seiko, lively flow, and break the convention of ideas. For example, "The old man who died of illness between the three gates, and the finger of a finger came and went" ("Elder Yongle Wen has died").
(4) Go beyond skill, exert yourself as you wish, and have no trace of exercise. For example, "The First Sight of Huaishan at the Exit of the Yingkou is the Day of Shouzhou"
4. Wide range of themes and strong expressiveness - Qing Zhao Yi: "There is a hidden place to be reached, and there is no difficult feeling" ("Oubei Poetry").
(1) Linliu photography, drawing water sencha and other very ordinary things, such as "Pan Ying" and "Jijiang Sencha".
(2) Difficult subjects are turned into easy, such as "Continuing Beauty".
Five. The poem advocates eclecticism and diversification of aesthetic tastes; attaches importance to the integration of two opposing styles, and puts forward the terms "Qingyuan Xiongli" and "Qingxiong Absolute"; the dominant style is Xiongfang, and many masterpieces are rigid and soft, showing the "Qingxiong" style, such as "You Jinshan Temple", which basically avoids the two main shortcomings of the Song poetry tip, which is new and hard and boring.
Section 4: Su Shi's Words
One. accomplishment.
(1) After Liu Yong, a comprehensive reform of the word style was carried out, and finally the traditional pattern of the word "Yanke" was broken.
(2) Improving the literary status of words, transforming words from musical appendages into independent lyric poetry styles, fundamentally changing the development direction of word history.
Two. Su's reform of words is based on the lexical concept of the integration of poetry and the creative proposition of "self-contained family".
(1) The lexical view of the integration of poetry.
1. In the late Tang Dynasty and five dynasties, words were regarded as "small roads". The literati filled in the words with a playful attitude, believing that the words "Fang ZhiQu Yi, still not caught" (Hu Yin's "Wine Edge Collection"), although Liu Yong concentrated on writing words and promoting the development of the word style, he failed to improve the status of words.
2. Su Shi first theoretically broke the concept of poetry and inferiority.
(1) Poetry is homologous, it belongs to one body, the word "is the Miao descendant of poetry", although there are differences in the external form of poetry, the essence of art and the function of expression should be consistent. Therefore, poetry is often compared.
(2) Provide a theoretical basis for words to move closer to poetry and realize the mutual communication and penetration of words and poems.
3. In order to make the aesthetic taste of words in line with poetry, put forward the creative proposition that words must be "one family".
(1) The phrase "With Fresh Yu Zijun" is proposed for the "flavor" that is different from Liu Yongzi.
(2) Connotation: the pursuit of magnificent style and broad artistic conception; words should be consistent with character; lyrics should be like writing poetry, expressing true temperament and life feelings.
Three. Expanding the function of expression and opening up the context of words is the main direction of Su Shi's reform of the word style.
(1) Expand the traditional words of feminine tenderness into words of masculine pride, and expand the words of love into words of temperament, so that words can fully express the embrace of temperament and personality. For example, "Qinyuan Spring • Mizhou Early Departure Immediately Sending Sons" and "Jiang chengzi • Mizhou Hunting" (following Fan's "Fisherman's Pride") further changed the pattern of the lyrical circle with the red pink lady and the QiWu Gongzi as the main lyrical protagonists, changed the original soft mood of the words, and set a precedent for the Lyricists of the Southern Song Dynasty.
(2) Express life thinking and enhance philosophical implications.
1. Life is short, fate is changeable, and fate is difficult to grasp. "Life is like a dream" ("Nian Nu Jiao Chibi Huaigu"), "The world is a big dream" ("Xi Jiang Yue").
2. But did not deny life, strive for self-detachment, always maintain optimistic belief and detached attitude towards life, such as "Fixing the Wind and Waves" (Do not listen to the sound of leaves through the forest).
3. More complete performance from positive to contradictory and bitter, and strive to transcend, constantly pursue the mental journey and the personality temperament of loose romance and amorous kindness; following Liu Yong and Ouyang Xiu, the lyrical characters of Su Ci are further identical with the main body of creation.
(3) Expanding outward into the world. The life scenes of the literati of the late Tang Dynasty were mainly limited to the closed painting building embroidery households, pavilion courtyards→ Song Liuyongshi extended the word scene to natural spaces such as Duyi Shijing, Qianli Guanhe, and Weicun Mountain Station; Zhang Xian was close to the daily official life→ Su Ci vigorously depicted daily communication, idle reading, and life scenes such as ploughing, hunting, and excursions, and further showed the magnificent scenery of nature.
1. With the momentum of running and flowing, such as "Jianghan Xilai, high buildings, grapes deep blue." Yu Self-Brought, Min'e Snow Waves, Spring Colors of the Jinjiang River" ("Manjiang Red");
2. Fresh and beautiful, such as "the mountain rain is dashing, and the creek bridge is clear." The small garden is a pillow. The moon outside the door is like water, and the colorful boat is horizontal. ("Xingxiangzi Huzhou Zuo")
3. Combine the observation of natural landscapes with the reflection on historical life, and inject a sense of history and life emotions into natural beauty, such as "Nian Nu Jiao • Chibi Nostalgia".
4. Through the harmonious and tranquil landscape, express a detached and self-adapting attitude towards life, such as "Xijiang Moon" (Terano Misaki Shallow Waves).
5. The villages that have not been concerned by the previous pronouns, such as the "Huanxi Sha" group of 5 songs, describe the rural scenery and life situation of Xuzhou from multiple angles; "Huanxi Sha" (Wanqing Fengtao does not remember Su) "Mai Qianche on the Xueqing River, but it makes people full of me." ”
(4) Contribution: Su Shi expanded the expressive function of words, enriched the emotional connotation of words, expanded the time and space scene of words, improved the artistic taste of words, and elevated words from "small roads" to lyrical styles with the same status as poetry.
Four. The main weapon of change in the style of words is "poetry as words". That is, the expression of the poem is transplanted into the words. manifestation:
(1) Use the order of the question.
1. Most of the words before Su are the pronouns composed in response to the song, and the words have a name to indicate that the singing method can be used, so most of them are untitled; Su turns the words into the lyrical speech body of the cause and the situation, and must explain the lyricism or reason of the word composition. However, the word style is longer than lyrical and is not suitable for narrative. To this end, su words mostly use titles and small prefaces, so that the title and this article constitute organisms.
2. Zhang Xian's word title only plays the role of explaining the time and place of creation; the function of Su title sequence is expanded:
(1) Explain the motivation and origin of the creation, and determine the emotional direction in the words, such as the small preface of "Water Tune Song Head".
(2) Complementary to the content of this article, such as "Man Jiang Hong" (sorrow and joy seeking), "DingFeng Wave" (Mo listens to the sound of the leaves playing through the forest), word order chronicle, this article re-expresses the emotions caused.
3. Advantages: It is convenient to explain the time and place of writing and the origin, and it can also enrich and deepen the aesthetic connotation.
(2) A large number of dictionaries in the word began with Su Shi.
1. Alternative, condensed narrative and tortuous lyrical style. For example, "Jiang Shenzi • Mizhou Hunting".
2. "Poetry as a word" is essentially to break through the shackles of music on the word body and turn the word into an independent lyric poetry body; Su words are mainly for people to read, pay attention to the freedom of lyricism, abide by the rhythm of music and not be bound by the rhythm of music. Therefore, Su Zi is full of enthusiasm, imagination is rich, and the language changes freely. Although most of the word styles are close to the gentle and feminine style, there are a considerable number of works that embody the new style of unrestrained and heroic, such as "Water Tune Song Head : When is the Bright Moon".
Section 5: The Meaning and Influence of Su Shi
One. In terms of literature, poetry and words, they have reached a very high level of attainment, and can be called the representative of the highest achievements of Song literature.
Two. Significance: (1) The attitude of life that is free to retreat and not to be insulted. (2) Everything has a considerable aesthetic attitude.
Three. Attaching importance to the discovery and cultivation of literary talents, the greater achievements are Huang Tingjian, Zhang Qian, Chao Quezhi, and Qin Guan, collectively known as the "Four Scholars of Sumen"; plus Chen Shidao and Li Li, collectively known as the "Six Gentlemen of Sumen".
Four. The spirit of word style liberation was inherited by the Southern Song Dynasty Xin sect of lyricists, forming a bold word school, influencing The Polish Qing Chen Weisong and so on; prose, especially the essays, is the source of the Public Security School, influencing The Qing Yuan And Zheng Xie.
Chapter Five: The Jiangxi School of Poetry and poetry at the time of the Two Song Dynasties
Chen Yan, a close friend, believes that the Song Zhezong Yuanyoushi was one of the three golden ages of ancient poetic history (Kaiyuan Yuan and Yuanyou).