#寻找古籍守护人 #
When the Opium War broke out, the strong ships and cannons of the Western powers knocked on the door of China, and when the Western armies landed, the European musketeers fought with a column of rounds, like mowing grass, and beat the Qing Empire's army to the ground.
Someone said:
There was a generational difference in weapons, which was a way of fighting that the Generals of the Great Qing Dynasty had never heard of.
Indeed, the Great Qing generals of the Opium War may have seen musketeers line up to shoot in a round from the end.
However, the Great Qing Dynasty was actually no stranger to this method of warfare.
As early as two or three hundred years ago, the ancestors of the Great Qing Dynasty, Jianzhou Wei Nuzhen, had seen the musket array of the Ming Army countless times.
From Qi Jiguang's "Record of Military Training", we can clearly understand that after the middle of Jiajing, the ratio of troops to weapons and equipment in the army of the Ming Army after the middle period of Jiajing:
Muskets, artillery and cold weapons, spears, bows and crossbows, the number and number has reached five to five, fifty-five in pairs.
therefrom. Three hundred years before the Opium War, the Chinese army had already departed from the era of cold weapons and realized the formal mixing of cold and hot weapons; and the transformation of the combat style was transformed into a reborn bone with artillery and muskets firing in line, and cold weapons fighting as an auxiliary.
However, after more than a few hundred years, the Great Qing Dynasty returned to the era of cold weapons, and let the muskets and artillery lose their armor and almost destroy the country, so it is sad to drive back the times.
Let's get into the main topic and take a look at the equipment, training, organization and combat of the great Ming musketeers under the famous Ming Dynasty general Qi Jiguang.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > the origin of the bird gun (arquebusier). </h1>
The musket of the Ming army is the arquebusier introduced to East Asia from Europe, because the butt is shaped like a bird's beak, the Ming army called it "bird reaming".
According to the Compilation of the Chart of the Sea, in the twenty-seventh year of Jiajing (1548), the Ming army recovered Shuangyu Island occupied by the Wokou and the Portuguese, and after the war, it captured the bird reams and captured a group of craftsmen who made the birds.
Shuangyu Island, located in the southeastern waters of present-day Yin county, Zhejiang Province,
Officers and soldiers, who were deeply shocked by their sharp firepower during the engagement, handed over the birds they had obtained.
The imperial court immediately ordered imitation, thus paving the way for the large-scale equipment application of the bird's ream in the Chinese army.
Daming's keen sense of the progress of weapons technology is far better than that of the Great Qing.
In the twenty-sixth year of the Wanli Calendar, Zhao Shizhen wrote the "Genealogy of Sacred Artifacts" and recorded the characteristics of bird reams and the differences from previous Chinese firearms.
China's original firing method of firearms is backward, the range is short, and it can only be roughly pointed, and it is impossible to aim accurately.
For example, the three-eyed rifle, etc., need to burn medicine with one hand and the other hand, and hit the target by luck.
The bird rifle, which already has the characteristics of a "modern rifle", has a door in the back, a star in front, a trigger with a fire rope, the projectile is fired, the two hands do not move, steadily aimed at the millimeter, hit the square inch, and the barrel is long, the range is long and accurate.
The Ming Army's evaluation of the bird reams is: it can go far and destroy the strong.
Therefore, once the bird that can accurately aim and shoot from a distance comes out, all the original firearms in China will lose their gains."
The technical inspiration came from Europe, but Ming dynasty craftsmen were no strangers to making fire hammers. When I came into contact with arquebus gun technology from Europe, I was inspired to produce and imitate it in large quantities.
Therefore, the large-scale installation of the army's bird reams was all produced by the Chinese craftsmen of the Ming Dynasty.
So, what about the bird reams equipped by the Ming Army?
"Record of Military Training" Miscellaneous Volumes V. Weapon Solution:
"The caliber of the bird is uniformly based on the standard combination of three-dollar heavy lead. Gunpowder charge is two cents per dollar heavier than lead. ”
It can be seen that the muskets officially equipped by the Ming Dynasty army have strict and clear unified production standards for the three indicators of gun caliber, projectiles, and charge.
That is to say, a thousand-person bird wrench team, a thousand bird reams of the same length and caliber; the firing charge has a unified standard quantification; the same size of the projectile, the bird wrench carrying guns and bullets can be interchanged and common.
And these factors are the criteria for combat effectiveness.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > the individual equipment of the Ming musketeers. </h1>
Found in "Records of Military Training", Volume 1, Infantry Sixth Infantry Instrument.
1. Bird Wrench Single Soldier Combat Weapons and Equipment:
(1) One long knife per person.
(2) One bird ream per person. The weight of the ream (Ming system) is six pounds, and the Seiko is the best for five pounds.
(3) One tin turtle.
(4) One set.
(5) One lever. Lever weight: three or two.
(6) Five fire ropes. Each one is one foot long and five feet long and weighs four or two.
The explanation of the birds in the "Record of Military Training".
Two: Ammunition carrying capacity.
One lead bag per person, 300 pieces of lead;
Thirty drug tubes.
Each person prepared three hundred pieces of gunpowder, and each gunpowder weighed three dollars. Carry an additional six taels of spare gunpowder, for a total of six pounds of gunpowder.
In each other round of troops (hundred-man team), a pair of lead molds is placed.
Is the lead mold used to make melted projectiles?
Three: The "kettle and dry food" of the officers and men of the Ming Army.
(1) A coconut scoop.
The "Record of Military Training" records that each Ming soldier was equipped with a coconut scoop, which was probably the ancient standard military kettle.
(2) The ming army's individual soldiers carry dry food, that is, four liters of steamed rice noodle cakes that have been processed and made.
For this law, see Book V of the New Book of Discipline Effect, which teaches officers and soldiers to be prohibited by decree.
Ming Dynasty military dry food production method:
Each person is given two liters of rice and two liters of wheat noodles for the daily meal.
Fried rice.
Two liters of rice are fried in a pan, one liter is wrapped well; the other liter is ground into powder, also wrapped well.
This reminds people of the 1970s and 1980s Jiangnan rural snack - fried rice noodles,
Before the 1990s, jiangnan rural people often made it, mixed with sugar, for food.
Steamed wheat noodles.
Two liters of noodles, one liter of sesame oil and mix well, one liter of steamed and mixed.
The wheat noodles are steamed and divided into ten.
Soak in shochu for six minutes, dry it in the sun, and re-dip it until it cannot be soaked, grind it into a mochi, and wrap it well.
The other four points are soaked with salt and vinegar, dried and re-soaked, the method is the same as above, until it cannot be immersed, and then dried and ground into a fine powder, wrapped well.
This is the military dry food of the Ming Army.
The Ming Army stipulated that when the army marched, each soldier must carry a quota of dry food according to this standard.
Dry food, not something you can eat casually!
Dry food is allowed only in battle, when it is not enough to cook on fire, or when it is cut off from food under siege; it is ordered by the superior officer to eat dry food. However, as much as you eat at a time, you must also follow the command, and it is definitely not how much you want to eat, you can eat as much as you want.
Generally speaking, if the rear grain transportation is cut off, that is, the above standard part of dry food for a single soldier, it can support three days.
<h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" > training for Ming musketeers. </h1>
"Records of Military Training" Volume IV, School Martial Arts, Firearms Collection and Release, and other regulations.
Bows and arrows, Buddha wolf machines, bird wrenches and other shooting examinations.
Scores are calculated by shooting nine times.
Nine shots of nine, for the super class.
Nine shots and eight middle, for the upper class.
Seven of the nine shots, the upper medium.
Nine shots and six middles, for the upper and lower classes.
Nine shots and five middle, for the upper middle class.
Nine shots, four middle, three middle, medium.
Nine shots, two middle, middle and lower.
Nine shots, one middle, inferior.
Those who do not have the nine hairs, or do not know the law, are inferior and inferior. That's punishable.
Bird Wrench Shooting Training Requirements.
It is necessary to look at the door and the crosshair with two eyes, aim at the firing with the cheek, and according to the training requirements, one hand will shoot the firing and the other hand will support the firing; when firing, the reaming will be loud, the two hands will not move, the head will not turn, and the hand will not shake, which is qualified.
If the head is not sticking to the cheek; or the bird's end is unstable; after the sound, the manual, head shaker, even if it is lucky to hit, is still inferior and unqualified.
Bird Ream maintenance regulations.
After each shooting training or battle, the chamber must be wiped with a stick, a damp cloth with soup sauce, and the head of the stick must be inserted into the chamber to clean the gunpowder residue and wipe it clean.
Bird reams have a sleeve, and both the ream and the medicine must be moisture-proof.
In case of continuous rain, the first sunny day after the rain, it must be washed and wiped once. If a wrench does not order maintenance in accordance with the law, resulting in moisture damage to the firearm, the wrench will be severely punished, and the flag captain will sit continuously, and the fine will be compensated according to the amount.
Bird WrenchIng Shooting Training Method.
Usually, the training is a group of 2 people, and the three groups have a total of 6 reinforcements as a team, and there are two teams with a total of 12 people.
The shots are fired in a salvo of 2 people, the first group is fired, the second group is fired, and the rotation is fired. After the third group is finished shooting, the first group is required to have been reloaded and ready to be fired.
Such a method of loading, firing, and alternating is well practiced, and the battle in front of the battle can make the shells shoot alternately and take turns.
<h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" > the benefit of the bird's reams, all in obedience to the orders in turn. The front-loading arquebusier is cumbersome, especially when facing the impact of the enemy's infantry and horseback, before the formation, when the bird wrench who faces the enemy first often panics, there are often the following drawbacks. </h1>
(1) Or before the order is issued, it will be launched first;
(2) Or raise the gun without sticking to the cheek, not aiming, or the mouth or up or down, or shooting left or right;
(3) When reloading, or forget to charge, or forget to load lead pills, or forget to charge, and shoot without taking the lever after the bullet is completed.
Therefore, when Qi Jiguang was training in peacetime, he particularly emphasized that the wrench must be "applied according to law", repeatedly practiced, and those who violated it were immediately tied up and punished.
And really when the battle comes. The Bird Reams fight in tandem with the "Killer Team" in the back row equipped with bows and arrows and spears.
Bird wrenches usually train to shoot 100-step targets, and in order to achieve a hit in wartime, they generally have to wait until the enemy is eighty to sixty steps before firing under a unified order.
The wrenches take turns firing in front of the killer, and when the enemy approaches thirty paces, the wrenches retreat and the killer comes forward to engage in hand-to-hand combat.
If the tori bird wrench does not follow the military order, the killer will cut the ears of the wrench, and after the war, all those who have no ears will be beheaded.
If the enemy is within thirty steps, the killer is afraid to move forward, resulting in the death of the killer, and after the war, the killer pays for his life.
It can be seen that the power of the salvo of the front-loading musket team comes from the strict training under the rectification of military discipline.
< h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" > the proportion of the Ming Army's bird musket team in the army. </h1>
The "Record of Military Training" records that Qi Jiguang organized and trained the Ming Army infantry battalion in Jizhen, with 2699 troops per battalion.
(1) Thousand generals, general generals, and hundred-man teams.
The battalion has a general and a central army, under the jurisdiction of three departments, led by three thousand generals.
Each thousand headquarters has two subordinate generals.
Under each of them, there are four hundred generals.
Hundred general, that is, the hundred people team. Equivalent to the infantry company of later generations.
The Hundred Is the basic tactical unit of the Ming Army. There are two kinds of formations for the Hundred,
It is divided between the Bird Wrench Hundred and the Killer Hundred.
The Ming army called the hundred-man team equipped with knives, sticks, guns, spears and cold weapons "killer team".
And each ming army commander, he commanded four hundred people:
Two Bird Hundred Teams; Two Killer Hundred Teams.
After the firearms were organized, the Ming army was like a "mixed infantry battalion of hot and cold weapons" with 2 rifle companies and 2 spear and large knife companies.
By the top. The Ming Army was an infantry battalion, with a total of three thousand general units, divided into six generals, with a total of 24 hundred combat teams.
They are:
12 Bird Wrenches 100 Teams;
12 cold-weapon killer teams.
(2) Flag Corps and Squads.
Each bird reinforcement hundred team has three flag teams, and each flag team has three 12-person bird reinforcement squads.
The flag corps, equivalent to the infantry platoon of later generations. The Cold Weapon Killer Hundred Team is formed, the same as the Bird Strike Team.
Each 12-man bird wrench squad consists of 1 squad leader, 1 fireman (cook), and 10 bird wrenches.
This is the formation chart of the 12-man infantry squad of the Ming Army in the "Record of Military Training".
Bird Wrench Equipment, as described earlier.
(1) The squad leader has no bird reams, and is only equipped with bows and arrows,
(2) The fireman has no sword and spear, with an iron tip and a flat shoulder, and a copper pot.
The remaining ten were armed with a waist knife and a bird's claw.
Infantry squad leader equipment in "Training Record":
One helmet and one pair of armor.
One color flag and one long flagpole with a blade.
One bow and two strings. Thirty large arrows, one pair of double inserts.
Double plug: it is a bow insert and a quiver.
In addition, it can also be seen that the 12-man bird and cold soldier combat squad of the Ming Army infantry battalion, except for the squad leader, the rest are without armor and protective equipment.
Weapons and equipment and training are good, let's look at the ming army infantry battalion's method of engagement.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > the steps of the Ming Infantry Battalion in the "Record of Military Training", which is divided into eight in total:</h1>
(1) Array.
The infantry was in a general order, in the order of two musketeers in front of the hundred and two teams of killers in the rear.
After the queue is completed, everyone sits on the ground and rests.
Whenever there was a Tangma flag in front, it was the sentry who reported that the enemy was coming.
At this time, the military commander made a cannon sound.
When the troops heard the sound of the "change of gun", they immediately stood up and waited for battle, and the two columns of bird wrenches loaded ammunition and lit the fire ropes wrapped around their wrists.
(2) Wait for battle.
When the enemy will enter the hundred steps, the Chinese army will release the trumpet cannon, the cannon will sound, and blow up the beep.
At this time, the bird's hand raised its gun and aimed at it.
(3) Engagement.
The enemy entered sixty paces and entered the firing range.
The swan horn blew, and the first layer of bird wrenches opened fire.
After shooting, the first layer of bird wrenches immediately retreated to the rear of the killer team. At this point, it is important to have a neat queue, otherwise it will be chaotic.
Blow the swan horn again, and the second layer of wrenches shoots. After shooting, he was the same as the first layer of reinforcements, and immediately retreated to the back of the line.
(4) Discipline of the hammer:
Whoever does not hear the sound of the swan horn and opens fire without permission will be beheaded immediately, even if he kills two enemies with one shot. After hearing the order, he opened fire or opened fire indiscriminately without aiming, and also beheaded.
The bird wrench that retreats to the killer array, according to the urgency of the battlefield situation, is decided by the general whether to continue to load ammunition for the bird ream. In a very urgent situation, abandon the bird's claw, draw out a long-waist knife, follow behind the killer team, and engage the enemy white blade.
(5) The killer team casts rockets and bows and arrows.
Two rounds of bird shots. The enemy was nearly thirty paces away, and the third swan trumpet sounded.
At this time, the bird wrench has retreated, and the boring palladium player in the killer team comes forward, sets a rocket on fire, and fires a rocket at the enemy army.
The fourth swan sounded the horn, the spearman, the knife and stick man and the captain, etc., raised their bows and fired a salvo, throwing a rain of arrows at the enemy.
At this time, the enemy army is within nearly thirty steps, and the arrows rain directly, which can cause fatal damage.
(6) White Blade Warfare.
After two rounds of bird firing, one round of rockets and one round of bows and arrows, and four salvos, the enemy was nearly ten paces away.
At this time, the sound of wrestling sounded urgently.
Each squad of the killer team formed a Mandarin duck formation and stepped forward, ready to engage the white blade.
With the sword and shield as the first, the gunner as the second layer, the boring palladium hand as the third, and the fast gunner holding the handle of the gun as a large stick as the fourth layer. The bird wrenches retreated to the last fifth layer, and all abandoned the birds and pulled out their long knives around their waists to fight.
(7) Advance in a Mandarin duck formation.
For the formation to exert its offensive power, it is especially important that the queue is not chaotic and the pace is neat.
So the army marched forward with a drum.
As the drums sounded, the whole team stepped on the drums and slowly advanced. When the drum is beating, the pace accelerates with the drum beat, and the pace is hurried to the enemy.
(8) "Three calls and three strikes".
When it is connected with the enemy white blade, each time you hear the sound of the swan trumpet, that is, shout once, and then stab forward once. Three beats of the drum, three blows of the horn, three shouts of death, three stabs.
This is the method of "three calls and three strikes" of cold weapons as recorded in the "Record of Military Training." The gun pokes at it, that is, dozens of guns poke out at the same time, and that's it.
After three shouts and three blows, no longer in the formation, the whole army just rushed up, bravely rushed forward to pounce, and fought desperately. Until the winner is divided.
Under Qi Jiguang's rectification and training, did the Ming army's combat and training be similar to the European musket team's platoon gun rotation method?
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > the era of front-loading single-shot muskets, the close coordination of muskets and cold weapons can maximize combat effectiveness. </h1>
The strength of combat effectiveness is closely related to the rigor of the queue. It can be said that without a strict queue, there is no combat effectiveness!
Whether the queue is strict or not is closely related to the style of the army, whether the rewards and punishments are fair, whether the discipline is strict, whether the soldiers have a sense of honor, and whether they are strong in their desire to fight.
And these things, especially the sense of honor of military personnel. In the middle and late period, the Ming Dynasty, which began to follow the "Great Song Dynasty's style of culture, nobility, martial prowess, and regarded soldiers as untouchable slaves", was precisely impossible to do!
Therefore, this is also the ming dynasty with epoch-making muskets and artillery, but because of political corruption, discipline is loose, the army "will have no will to fight, soldiers have no fighting spirit", and the military class has generally lost its sense of honor, and it is not known who to fight for and why to fight.
In the end, the advanced weapons became burning sticks, and the muskets and artillery were defeated by the bow horse riding fire,
Then, the Qing Dynasty's self-containedness made the Chinese army, which had been firearms more than four hundred years ago, not only rub shoulders with modernization, but also opened up the history of "three hundred years later, and I don't know what guns and guns are".
This is truly deplorable.
(Image from the Internet)