Classical Chinese gardens are recognized as the mother of the world's gardens, which is not only a product of history and culture, but also a carrier of traditional Chinese thought and culture.
The northern gardens are mainly located in the ancient capitals of Xi'an, Luoyang, Dengfeng, Kaifeng, Qufu, Beijing and other ancient capitals in the Yellow River Basin, and most of them are royal gardens.
The central axis of the northern garden planning layout and the use of the scenery line are more, and the garden gives a dignified and rigorous style. The image of the building is thick and solid, with a strong sense of closure and a strong beauty. There is less space in the park, and the overall sense is stronger.
The northern garden can be summarized as "the male of the north", but the beauty is slightly insufficient, and it is a magnificent work of the ancient gardens of the mainland.
Characteristics of northern gardens
1. The characteristics of the northern garden are expressed in the royal, temple, and private gardens, mainly in the front and back sleeping, axis symmetry, one pool and three mountains, imitation scenery, obstacle scenery leakage, etc. From the perspective of the layout characteristics of the content, it is mainly manifested as the penetration of the three families of Confucianism and Buddhism into the garden.
The structures of the northern garden are closely related to nature, mainly reflected in the relationship between temperature and wind direction and architecture. The north is cold, and cold protection is the most important function of the building.
2, compared to the south, this area has less rainfall, less lakes in North China, it is impossible to be like Jiangnan has both a vast plain and a longitudinal waterway, so the towering Taishan and Yanshan Mountains in the plain area have become the symbols in people's minds.
Water and water quantity restrictions are constraints on northern gardens.
Local physical geography is also very closely related. In the Shandong area, because of its proximity to Jiangsu, the garden has signs of imitating jiangnan gardens, such as the Shiwat Garden, which is the owner of the garden who travels to Jiangnan and then returns home to build a garden.
In addition to the royal garden occupying the lake, the royal family and nobles can only get the royal residue cold burning, the water surface is not large, some can only be flat land to create dry gardens, even if there is water in the garden, it is also a small water surface, and there are many modern parks.
Relative to the total area of the park, the water surface ratio of the northern garden is very small.
3. The lofty nature of the northern garden is manifested in the mountain of the garden, the garden mountain is majestic, and the high and magnificent are beautiful. The mountain is large in size and high in height, and of course, the Qing dynasty royals and nobles also had the power, financial resources and manpower to create such a majestic mountain.
Such as Qionghua Island in beihai, Duixiu Mountain in the Royal Garden, Jingshan Mountain in Jingshan Park, rockery in Gongwangfu Garden, and so on. The most famous landscape effects are Mount Taishan and the Great Wall, both of which are mountain views.
Taishan ranks first in Yue, Taishan Fengchan is the favorite of successive emperors, and the isolated earth mountain in the garden is taken from Taishan. The Great Wall is famous for its location in Yanshan Mountain and connecting passes, and there is often a scene of Chengguan in the garden, which is a portrayal of the Great Wall.
4, the northern part of the garden with stones are mostly Fangshan stone, Taihu stone, bluestone, especially bluestone has local characteristics, although Taihu stone is the most favored stone in aesthetics, it is not very common, because this place is far from Jiangnan. As a result, there are fewer areas around Beijing and relatively more in the Shandong area.
Fangshan stone, which is similar to Taihu stone, known as North Taihu stone, is the most common, because this stone is produced in Fangshan District of Beijing, from mining to transportation is more convenient, but Fangshan stone is not very common in Shandong. Bluestone is more commonly used in Hebei and Beijing, and can be placed flat and erected.
5, in terms of plants, willows, locust trees, pine trees, cypresses, poplars, elms and other trees in the northern garden are more used tree species, of which pine and willow trees are the most, because of strong hardiness, can survive winter.
Shrubs include cloves, begonias, peonies, peonies, lotuses, most of which cannot survive the winter, and in modern parks, many holly hedge shrubs are often used as boundary materials and winter scenes.
The biggest difference in the scenery of the four seasons is mainly manifested in the plants, the spring when everything recovers, the trees spit green, the mid-spring begins, and a hundred flowers bloom; in the summer, the willow trees are shaded and the lotus flowers bloom; in the autumn, the maple maple turns red and the mountains are dyed; in the winter, the trees wither and the snowflakes fly.
Beihai Park
North Sea floor plan
Beihai Park is located in the central area of Beijing City, mainly composed of Beihai Lake and Qionghua Island. It has an area of 68 hectares, of which about 39 hectares are water surface and 29 hectares are land. It was originally the royal "forbidden garden" of the five feudal dynasties of Liao, Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing, and has a history of thousands of years. Beihai Park is centered on the Beihai Sea and covers an area of 0.69 square kilometers (of which
The water surface is about 0.39 square kilometers). The Tibetan-style white pagoda built on Qionghua Island at the mouth of the lake is the symbol of the whole park.
Jingshan Park
Jingshan floor plan
The main buildings of Jingshan are: three garden gates (Jingshan Gate, Shanzuo Li Gate, and Shan YouLi Gate), QiWangLou dedicated to Confucius; five peak pavilions (Guan Miao Pavilion, Zhou Xiang Pavilion, WanChun Pavilion, Fu Lan Pavilion, Ji Fang Pavilion); Shouhuang Hall behind Jingshan Mountain; Yongsi Hall and Guande Hall on the east side, and Huguo Zhongyi Temple.
Jingshan Park is located on the central axis of Beijing City and covers an area of 23 hectares. It is across the street from the Shenwu Gate of the Forbidden City to the south and Beihai Park to the west. With a height of 42.6 meters and an altitude of 88.35 meters, Jingshan Mountain is the highest point in the city of Beijing. Standing on the top of the hill, you can overlook the whole city, and you can see the splendid ancient Forbidden City and the modern Beijing City.
Garden architecture integrates The characteristics of Chinese culture, customs, geography and so on, and the architectural design art of the north is vividly reflected, which expresses people's sustenance and pursuit of nature and beauty. The beauty and femininity of the southern garden and the majesty of the northern garden are very different in artistic conception and style, but they are similar. As a cultural treasure of the country, people should protect the garden architecture well and let the world see it and marvel at it.