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Recently, there was a movie called "Li Mao Changing Prince" that caught fire (don't go to see it). The movie is about Li Mao, who accidentally found that he looked exactly like the prince of the dynasty, so the two completed the identity exchange.
◎ Do not buy tickets
The story itself is very cheesy and there is nothing to tell, but the catches that appear in the movie are worth telling. Some people describe the arrest as: ancient policemen, high martial arts, chivalrous, respected by the world, social status is good.
Ancient catchers and modern police have similarities in function, but they are fundamentally different. In fact, in ancient times, the social status of the fast catcher was extremely low, and this group of people was morally corrupt and was evaluated as "little devils are difficult".
So, what exactly is the historical catch- How did you get such an evaluation? Today we talk about this topic.
◎ When catching fast only for refuge?
In the Qin and Han dynasties, the industry of fast catching was already quite formed. Each county has its own catches, which are responsible for daily policing and case detection. These arrests are mainly composed of local people, all of whom are locals, more familiar, and it is relatively easy to catch a thief and find a fugitive. During the Qin and Han dynasties, the common people had to serve the state every year, and one of the jobs was to go to the county to be a catcher, which was already a very easy job compared to going to the frontier to build the Great Wall.
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Since it is an easy job, naturally there are many people who fish in muddy waters and exhaust all means to strive for a fast position. Therefore, bribery is certainly indispensable. Anyone who knows a little bit about human nature will know that the purpose of my money is to get greater value. Spending money as a catcher is not only to escape the painful servitude, but also to earn back the money that was paid.
This kind of selection method brings a lot of problems. In addition to bribery and perverting the law, fishing has become an industry that fishes for a chaotic day. Those who come to be fast catchers are all to escape from servitude, and it is so dangerous to arrest prisoners, who wants to play with their lives.
Therefore, during this time, who wants to rely on catching fast to manage law and order, you can imagine how bad the local crime rate is.
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◎ Change in the way of catching fast recruitment
However, the affairs of the common people have never been the most concerned issue of the rulers, and only when their position is stable will they think of benevolent government. So catch these problems quickly, and no one thinks about how to improve them.
Until the Tang Dynasty, after hundreds of years of turmoil and division, a unified situation finally appeared. The Li family was also gradually stabilized, and the rulers of the Tang Dynasty remembered that there was still such an uneasy factor as catching and disturbing the people. After all, in the legend, Qin Qiong, one of the twenty-four heroes of Ling Yan Pavilion, qin qiong, used to be a catcher.
◎ Qin Qiong: I am a Shadong catcher, how did I come to Chang'an to show the emperor the door?
In order to let the perennial fish catch do a little serious work, the imperial court changed the selection method of fishing fast, and the local yamen recruited themselves to catch fast. The local yamen recruit themselves, and they must find serious work, who want to catch fast in the mixed days. This method of recruitment continued until the Qing Dynasty.
The selection method has changed, and the work requirements have naturally changed. Since the Tang Dynasty, there was a strict time limit for the arrest and arrest of prisoners, and ordinary cases in which no one was killed required that prisoners must be caught within 5 days. In a major case of human life, the prisoner was required to be caught within 3 days. If not caught, the catch is punished. Fines are imposed, and heavy is played on boards.
In addition to catching a prisoner, the catcher will also do some chores. For example, to help the county grandfather send a letter, the official documents from the peak are generally handed over to the catcher in the yamen first, and let him go in and hand it to the big master.
All in all, the historical arrest speed is somewhat similar to today's criminal police, but it is not an official state organization, and the work is more complicated and the risks taken at work are higher. After all, the previous arrest has never had a "time limit for solving the case".
◎ Low status catch fast
The job of catching fast is not only hard, but the social status of the practitioners is also quite low.
From the beginning of the industry, they were a bunch of untouchables. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the catcher belonged to the "subordinate concubines", and the status was lower than that of the forensic doctors who had been talked about before, after all, they were also called "subordinate wives", a word difference, and the status was high and low.
During the Wei and Jin dynasties, the identity of the catcher belonged to the identity of "miscellaneous households" and was despised by the whole society. In the Tang and Song dynasties, the catcher was called "official Xu", and the small official of the Xu was also translated to give the small official a dog's leg, and the official was no longer formally organized, giving them a dog leg, which shows the social status of the catcher.
In the Qing Dynasty, the low status of the catcher was even written into the legal provisions.
The Great Qing Huidian stipulates: "The four people are good, and the slaves and advocates are lowly." ", the subordinates here include the catcher, and the identity of the catcher is determined from the legal level. There is a catcher in the family, and the three generations of children and grandchildren cannot take the imperial examination, which is similar to the status of a beggar. And you can't get rid of the untouchables, unless the emperor is in a particularly good mood, or you have done something earth-shattering, or you need to set an example. Otherwise such a lowly identity is passed down from generation to generation.
◎ The picture above was taken in 1909, guanxian (that is, Dujiangyan, Sichuan) Zhengtang Jiyong. The main hall, that is, the lobby of the government's administration, is also a synonym for zhixian and prefect in the Ming and Qing dynasties. Ji Yong, that is, the male who is responsible for public security matters such as the arrest of criminals, is similar to today's "patrol police".
In addition, usually working in the yamen, catching fast is also discriminated against by others, others can enter and exit from the main gate of the yamen, and the catch is not ok, and can only go to the back door or the side door. If the catch is in a hurry and goes to the front door, then what awaits him is to play 70 boards and go to jail for a year and a half.
Even if the social status of the catcher is low, the income is particularly small. As mentioned above, after the Tang Dynasty, it was the counties at all levels who recruited and arrested themselves, and the salaries were also paid by the yamen themselves. The official himself slammed the door, and he was willing to pay more money for the catcher.
Generally speaking, the income of catching fast is only about 10 taels of silver per year, what is this concept? In the Ming Dynasty, the butcher earned about 40 taels of silver per year, and even the small traders who walked the streets and alleys had about 20 taels a year. Catching this little salary, barely making ends meet is hard.
◎ Catch the hateful place of fast
It is precisely because of the high pressure of work and the lack of earning, this gang of catchers began to find ways to catch the wrong door and earn some gray income. There is a classic line in the book review work: "If you run a pair of shoes, you have to catch yourself quickly, can't you, the plaintiff, give me some benefits?" ”
The commentary is false, and the things reflected are indeed true.
During the Qing Dynasty, a local official once wrote a letter to the emperor, which listed eight major crimes of arresting fast, namely, "raising a coward to be a troublemaker, indulging bandits to rob the common people, eating and taking cards, framing good people, torturing and extorting confessions, colluding with prisoners to retract confessions, privately dividing dirt, and exploiting prisoners." ”
At that time, the common people thought of reporting the case to the yamen, and it was impossible not to bribe and arrest the fast, otherwise they would have wanted to catch the prisoners, and even arrested the plaintiffs and killed the good and risked their merits. Therefore, some people sighed and said, "The door is easy to enter, and the little devil is difficult." It's about this gang of catchers.
◎ There is also a story
During the Yongzheng period, a Jiangsu man killed someone, and the local officials interrogated him clearly and reported the case to Beijing. The Ministry of Punishment issued a directive to Jiangsu to take the prisoners to Beijing for retrial. After arriving in Beijing, the three halls of the Punishment Department tried, the review was correct, and reported to the emperor for approval.
The Yongzheng Emperor gave instructions: Ask for a chop after the autumn. This great master was imprisoned in heaven and waited for the death penalty. But this uncle's family is quite rich, and if he wants to bribe the Punishment Department, it is impossible to be acquitted, after all, the emperor personally decided, and killing him is not negotiable.
The family found the old master of the punishment department and told him: This man is a single transmission of three generations in the family, can you drag the death penalty until next year, let this uncle and his two children, leave a seed for the family. The old master of the punishment department listened to them and told them that it was possible to send a woman in, but it was impossible to drag it out until next year, and the emperor said that after the autumn, he saw that it would be a day in a few days, and you should not bother.
◎ In the movie "Nine Pin Sesame Officials' White Bread blue sky", there is a bridge section in which the families of death row inmates buy the jailers to "keep seeds" for their own descendants
The family was still not dead-hearted, and asked people to inquire whether there was any way to postpone the death penalty. As it happened, a catcher who was helping in the Punishment Department knew about it and stopped it with a chest pat. This family is also half-convinced, people can't do it, how can you do it with a small catch. There was no rut, the dead horse became a live horse doctor, gave the catch a sum of money, let him do it.
As mentioned earlier, in addition to catching thieves, there is also a responsibility for catching fast, that is, sending official documents.
At that time, before the Punishment Department asked for beheading in the autumn, for such prisoners escorted from the locality, the Punishment Department wanted to send an official document to the locality to verify it again. This official document was sent by the catcher. So the arrester quickly sent the official document to Yunnan (this is the case of Jiangsu). The official document arrived in Yunnan, Yunnan Province checked for half a day, there was no such thing, I knew that this was a mistake on the part of the Punishment Department, and then sent the official document back to the Punishment Department. The Ministry of Punishment has more official documents every year, and it is normal to occasionally make a mistake. No one took it seriously, and sent another letter to Jiangsu.
◎ A small trick of "sending the wrong official document" can extend the life of a condemned prisoner
In that era, there was no WeChat SMS email, and official documents were sent purely by people riding horses. Nearly a year has passed, and the uncle who killed the man has already given birth to two children in prison. The catcher who helped him also earned ten thousand taels of silver, close to his salary of a thousand years.
Gray income like this is an important source of income for catching fast. It is no wonder that this industry, obviously earns less and has a low status, and there are also many people who spend money to catch fast. What's more, some of the arresters even blackmailed the imperial court officials, and by the middle and late Qing Dynasty, this behavior even became an unwritten rule.
◎ All
Fortunately, with the demise of the Qing Dynasty, the industry of catching fast has also disappeared, replaced by a modern police force, although it is inevitable that there will be some corrupt people, but on the whole, it is much stronger than the old society, which is not the same.
Let's not describe the arrest as the police of the old society, after all, these people are really unworthy.
Source: Id: mylifeano
Author: Xie Chenghui
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