The beginning and end of a dictator hanging in the streets of Mussolini
Mussolini actually began in the workers' movement, how did he come to an end, and what was the end? On April 29, 1945, the rumbling cannons of the Red Army conquering Berlin shook the earth, and the day before Hitler committed suicide by drinking a bullet in the basement of the Chancellery, two bodies were also hung upside down on the street lamppost in Milan, Italy. They are the progenitors of the modern Fassy Si – the Italian dictator Mussolini and his mistress Clara Betasi!
From the leader of the Socialist Party to the dictator
Benito Mussolini (1883-1945) was a criminal dictator, but he had a short-lived influence on the history of the Italian workers' movement. Mussolini was born into a blacksmith's family in Dovea, Indea, Indéprio, Inso province, Italy, from a young age, he was a scheming and stubborn personality, and at the age of eighteen, he was just graduated from a normal school, that is, he was awarded a position as a primary school teacher. But he was not interested in a teaching career and soon went to Switzerland to find another way. There, he read a lot of books, joined the Socialist Party in 1903, and began his political career. In 1908, Mussolini participated in the political movement and was deported by the Swiss government. Since then, he has used this as capital, often presenting himself as a socialist, and swindling in the workers' movement. At the end of the year, he went to Brunto, then under Austrian rule, and took part in the editing of a newspaper founded by Italian socialists, and in 1910 he was elected secretary of the Italian Socialist Party's Welfare Province, and in 1912 he became the leader of the left majority of the Italian Socialist Party, and also served as the editor-in-chief of the party's organ newspaper, The Front. In this way, in just eleven years, Mussolini jumped from an obscure primary school teacher to a leading figure in the workers' movement.
But what is false is false. As soon as the First World War broke out, this impostor worker leader soon revealed his true face of social chauvinism, not only frantically clamoring that Italy needed a "blood bath", but also organizing the so-called "war alliance" with the notorious Italian chauvinist writer Dunantha at that time, advocating the united Anglo-French war against Germany and Austria. Since his entry into the war was contrary to the interests of the working class, the Italian Socialist Party had to expel him from the party, thus ending his political career in the workers' movement, after which Mussolini volunteered to enlist in the army, followed the bourgeois government of his country, participated directly in the First World War, and then retired from the army after being wounded, and was once politically unknown.
In March 1919, Mussolini survived his political loneliness and established the first armed group of modern fascism in Milan, the "Fighting Fascists". Its members started out as 150 people, most of whom were veterans. They arrogantly declared that they "those who had returned alive from the front line demanded the right to rule Italy" and threatened to use violence to crush the "Reds", establish a fascist dictatorship, try to restore the territory of the ancient Roman Empire, and integrate Southern Europe, North Africa and East Africa into the "Italian Empire".
In 1921, Mussolini announced the formal formation of the National Fascist Party, whose membership soared to 152,000. Because its party members all wear black shirts, they are also called "black shirt parties". Armed with iron rods, they attacked Communist Party organs everywhere and beat communists and other progressives. On the one hand, they talk about revolution and social equality, and on the other hand, they advocate national rejuvenation, praise the spirit of reverence for martial arts, hierarchy and discipline.
From May to August 1922, the Fascist Party took control of the municipalities of Bologna and Milan, and forced the dissolution of 64 local councils with sticks and castor oil. In October of the same year, Mussolini held a national congress of the Fascist Party in Naples, issued a general mobilization order, and commanded four legions totaling more than 50,000 people to march from Milan to the capital Rome. At this time, the Italian government did not do anything to stop it. Therefore, some people once thought that this "march" was only a symbolic occupation of a castle that had fallen. On 31 October, at the request of the Italian big bourgeoisie, the king appointed Mussolini to form a cabinet, and on 25 November, he granted him dictatorial powers. At this point, Mussolini was not only the "leader" of the fascist party, but also the head of state of Italy, in addition to becoming prime minister, he also served as a minister of seven departments such as internal affairs, foreign affairs, and labor, monopolizing power and becoming a veritable "dictator".
From dictator to "prisoner of the order"
After Mussolini came to power, he immediately introduced a fascist reign of terror in the country, gradually banning all political groups outside the fascist party and the trade unions it controlled, and treating the leaders of the trade unions and the Communist Party with particular cruelty. In December 1922, they even blood-soaked Turin coins, broke into the homes of Communists and Socialists in the middle of the night, shot and killed the revolutionaries in front of their wives and children. In foreign policy, Mussolini frantically pursued a policy of expansion. In October 1935, he sent troops to invade Ethiopia; in July 1936, he intervened with Germany in the Spanish Civil War, and in the process gradually formed an alliance with Germany and Japan.
In October of the same year, German and Italian fascists signed a secret agreement and formed the so-called "Berlin-Rome" axis. In November 1937, Italy joined the Anti-Comintern Pact initiated by Germany and Japan, thus formally forming an aggressive group on the international stage with the axis of "Berlin-Rome-Tokyo". Since then, Mussolini has firmly tied the fate of his country to the aggressive chariot of German fascism. In June 1940, when the German army swept through Western Europe and approached Paris, Mussolini abandoned the wait-and-see attitude and formally declared war on Britain and France, pointing the main spearhead of his aggression at Africa, in an attempt to seize the opportunity to seize the results in order to establish his hegemony in the Mediterranean region.
However, of the three fascist countries mentioned above, Italy was, after all, the weakest. On almost all battlefields, the Italian army was defeated without German assistance. Therefore, the fiasco on the battlefield once again faced the abyss of collapse in Italy, causing domestic resentment to boil. In particular, in July 1943, when the German and Italian armies were all expelled from Africa and the Anglo-American coalition began to land in Sicily and directly attacked southern Italy, some people within the Italian ruling clique, including Field Marshal Badoglio, Foreign Minister Ciano (Mussolini's son-in-law), and the king himself, were secretly plotting to overthrow Mussolini's rule in order to obtain better conditions of surrender through "horse exchange".
Yet the dictator, who had been striding on the European stage for two decades, was aware of the political conspiracy but did not mind it. He agreed to convene the Supreme Council of the Fascist Party, which had been shelved for four years and had always been subordinate to him, in order to force the ruling clique to continue to support his war policy. Unexpectedly, at the July 24 meeting, he became a fascist for the first time in his life
The party attacked the target, and the council passed a resolution by 19 votes to 8, requiring him to return full command of the army to the king. Mussolini, though annoyed by this, still did not realize what misfortune would be in his fate. At this time he still believed that in Italy under his rule, things were not decided by a majority vote in the conference, but by his own will. Therefore, when King Victor Emyyuejo asked him to come to the palace on 25 July, he did not hesitate to go. The first words the king said to him were, "My dear leader!" There is no good in going on like this, Italy has fallen apart... Right now, you are the hated man of Italy. He immediately ordered the guards to detain him, and then sent him to prison in an ambulance prepared in advance, and in this way, when the lone fighter woke up in a sudden incident, he had become a "prisoner of the order" helplessly!
From the stolen life to the street of the corpse
Mussolini's imprisonment did not cause any shock in Italy, and not even a single fascist party member fired a shot to save him, nor did anyone come out to defend him. After the coup, Italy organized a new government headed by Badoglio and announced that it would join the Allied side in fighting Against Germany. This shocked Hitler. He immediately ordered the Germans to occupy Italian territory north of Rome and sent the SS to rescue Mussolini. It was only because of the frequent changes in Mussolini's prison that the rescue effort repeatedly failed. When they finally learned that Mussolini was imprisoned in a hilltop hotel in the Grand Sasso, the highest peak of the Apennines, where there was only one railroad accessible and the SS was difficult to access, they sent planes to reconnoiter over the area and drew up a careful and bold plan of action: transport troops by glider to the top of the mountain, subdue the Italian gendarmerie guards with a swift and unobtrusive raid, and then take Mussolini away with a small aircraft. The plan was earmarked by an SS leader named Otto Skolzny. He kidnapped an Italian general beforehand and took him hostage. When the plane landed a hundred yards from the hilltop hotel, the Italian guards saw the Germans suddenly falling from the sky and fled into the mountains in fright, and those who did not have time to escape were also overwhelmed. The SS immediately pushed the captured Italian general closer to the hotel and ordered the Italian guards not to shoot at their own general.
At this time, Mussolini, who was locked up on the second floor, had witnessed this thrilling scene from the window and shouted: "No one should shoot!" Don't shed a drop of blood! As a result, not a single drop of blood was shed, and within minutes the SS rescued Mussolini on the plane and sent him to Vienna that night.
After Mussolini was rescued, Hitler asked him to re-establish a fascist puppet regime in northern Italy, protected by German bayonets, called the "Italian Social Republic". But at this time, Mussolini had been completely destroyed mentally. He completely handed over real power to a group of fanatical fascists led by Farinache, but he himself survived under the eggs of the German army. Hitler did nothing about it, and although he was disappointed, he could do nothing, and on April 26, 1945, when the German army collapsed, Mussolini saw that the iceberg had fallen, so he took his mistress Clara Betasi with him. Attempts to flee from Como to Switzerland were captured by Italian partisans and executed two days later. The corpse was transported back to Lan City for public display. On April 29, two bodies were hung upside down on a street lamppost and then thrown into an open ditch next to the road, leaving the war-torn Italian people to spit and trample on. It wasn't until 1 May that the political garbage was cleaned up and buried in the slum cemetery of the Machiór Cemetery in Milan. This is history's just verdict against this dictator!