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The twenty-ninth year of Jiajing (1550) was the year of Gengshu in the lunar calendar, and in August of this year, the Mongol Yudabu led a large-scale invasion, and the Ming Dynasty Was besieged for the second time, resulting in a major historical event, known in history as the "Change of Gengzhi". The occurrence of the "Gengshu Revolution" has its deep roots, and it is the direct result of the Jiajing Emperor's policy of "absolute tribute" to the Mongols, especially the Qata Khan.
1. The background of the era in which the change of Gengji took place
In the Ming Dynasty, tribute and tribute were frequent exchanges between the surrounding ethnic groups (including overseas countries) and the Ming court, and the Ming court adopted an institutionalized measure for this purpose, stipulating different tribute periods, tributes, tributes, and rewards, rewards, etc. For these institutionalized measures, we can use a term to summarize, that is, "tributary system".
The "tributary system" between the Ming court and the ethnic minorities in the frontier had two social functions:
First, the political submission and acceptance of titles by the ethnic minorities in the border areas to the central dynasty constituted a special form of the central and local relationship system under the historical conditions at that time, that is, the bondage rule under the tributary system, which was the identification of the central dynasty under the situation of high autonomy of the ethnic minorities in the border areas. Second, the tributes paid by the frontier ethnic minorities to the Central Dynasty and the rewards, gifts, and trades in guild halls given to them by the Central Dynasty formed bilateral economic exchanges between agricultural peoples and nomadic peoples, that is, tributary trade under the tributary system.
The normal conduct of tributary trade communicated the economic ties between the frontier steppes and the interior, and compensated for the deficiencies and deficiencies of the nomadic economy. Therefore, the characteristics of the political and economic structure between the Ming court and the Mongols expressed in the tributary system essentially reflect the relationship between the central and local governments as the centripetal force of the Mongols to the Central Plains Dynasty, and are a specific historical representation of the cohesion of the Chinese nation.
In the previous dynasties of Emperor Zhengde of MingWuzong, the operation of the tributary system was basically relatively smooth, and since Yongle, Xuande, Zhengtong, Jingtai, Tianshun, Chenghua, and Hongzhi dynasties, the supreme ruling group of the Ming Dynasty has handled the tributary relationship with the Mongols relatively well, from the emperor to the cabinet to the border inspectors, they can correctly treat the Mongol tribute requests, so the tributary system can also operate normally.
However, from the seventeenth year of Hongzhi (1504) until the spring of the eleventh year of Jiajing (1532), due to the contradictions and struggles within the Mongols and the influence of factors such as the unification of Dayan Khan, the tributary relationship between Mongolia and the Ming Dynasty was interrupted for nearly 30 years.
As early as the thirteenth year of Jiajing, Li Da had already begun to negotiate with the Ming Court on the matter of tribute.
In the autumn of the twentieth year of Jiajing (1541), Li Da sent an emissary Shi Tianjue (石天爵) to "Da Tong Sai" to formally request tribute to the Ming court for the first time. “
In the request, he described
Second, he complained that the reason for the recent conquest of each year was due to the lack of tributary access; third, he showed a peaceful picture of allowing the Serene to cultivate the land, herd horses outside the cyprus, and never violate each other. Of course, the words of the last longitudinal spirit riding south raid are indeed threatening.
However, if we look at the actual situation at that time, what I expressed was the true idea of the Mongol masses, and it was also the two inevitable prospects for the development of history at that time, and in which direction history developed here and now depended on the decision-making of the supreme ruler of the Ming Dynasty.
Jiajing easily spared the opportunity for peace that appeared in front of him, and he refused the request of the Khan Tonggong, which made the emperor angry and ashamed, "So he committed a large-scale internal offense, and the side suffered from the first thorn." ”
In May of the 21st leap year of Jiajing, Li Da again sent Shi Tianjue to Datong to request tribute, but was trapped by the new Datong Inspector Fu Long Dayou
"The Upper Dynasty, the Tricksters Are Reaped." "Sejong did not notice, and the general Long Dayou was promoted to the rank of soldier waiter," the border ministers were promoted to dozens of people, and the disc lord was in the city. ”
This time, the Mongol cavalry penetrated for more than forty days, plundered ten guards and more than forty counties, killed 200,000 men and women, plundered 2 million heads of livestock, burned 80,000 public and private houses, ravaged hundreds of thousands of hectares of fields and grass, and robbed countless clothes and money, and the Beijing division once again imposed martial law on them.
In May of the 25th year of Jiajing, four years after the Shi Tianjue incident, Heda submitted a request for tribute to the Ming Dynasty for the third time. However, the Ming Dynasty side generals once again killed the envoys.
The previous time it was a government official who was rewarded for killing the envoy, thus setting a bad precedent, this time it was only a family member of a general military officer, who had the courage to kill the envoy, which was bound to trigger a new large-scale invasion of the Mongol army, and the badness of the Ming Dynasty's border affairs can be seen here. After the envoy was killed, Heda launched another raid into the border.
In February of the 26th year of Jiajing, Li Da sent out the "Yi Envoy Li Tianjue Zi Fan Wen Zhi", and for the fourth time he asked for tribute, and his words were earnest
However, the result was very regrettable, and the will of the Jiajing Emperor was: "The year of the Emperor of The Emperor Jiajing is very serious." The border ministers failed to eliminate the evil and repay the country, but dared to listen to the words of tribute and ask for tribute, and they were very blasphemous. He ordered the governor Shen Raozhen to patrol the ministers, cooperate with their efforts, and punish those who violated the law and provoked by entering the military in the military. ”
Ming Shizong once again blocked the road to the peace of the frontier peoples.
In the twenty-eighth year of Jiajing, Li Da still did not give up the request for tribute, but he no longer sent emissaries, but crowded outside the Ming military camp
At the same time, he used the rumors of those who were plundered and released: "In order to seek tribute, he repeatedly robbed." Xu Gong, when restraining the tribe not to violate the side. Otherwise, autumn and re-entry, pass the customs and grab Kyosuke. Weng Wanda received this news on the border front and hurried to play it to Sejong, who replied:
"Asking for tribute and making false remarks, repeatedly obstructing them, and the border ministers cannot obey them, and they are blasphemous and do not ask." Wanda and others should be cautious in defending, without neglect. He has a family member who has committed adultery and provoked trouble, and he is honest and honest, and he is punished severely. ”
It can be seen from here that it was the Jiajing Emperor himself, with his narrow and rigid personality, who stubbornly refused to exchange tribute with the Mongolian tonggong, so that from the eleventh year after Jiajing, the entire northern border defense line has been a sword and light sword shadow, the war is continuous, the working people have paid a heavy price for this, and finally led to the second climax of the border defense crisis in the northern part of the Ming Dynasty, resulting in the "Gengshu Change" of the siege of the capital.
2. How helpless is the Ming Dynasty in the change of Gengji?
In June of the twenty-ninth year of Jiajing (庚戌, 1550), He was convicted of Datong. The chief soldier Zhang Da and the deputy chief soldier Lin Chun were ambushed and killed. After losing his second general, the imperial court arrested Guo Zonggao, the governor of Xuanda, and Chen Yao, the inspector of Datong, and re-established Weng Wanda as the governor.
Weng Wanda was in his hometown in Guangdong and did not arrive at his post, but took care of his affairs with the attendant Su You. Qiu Luan, who attacked Zeng Qiao in the Discussion on FuheTao, was given the post of Commander-in-Chief of Xuanda for bribing Yan Songzi Yan Shifan.
In August, when li da led the crowd to Datong again, the general soldier Qiu Luan was afraid and helpless, and bribed li du du with a large amount of money and property to make him shift the direction of the attack and not to offend Datong. After he received the bribe, he supported the crowd to the east, saw that Xuanfu was prepared, and then went east to attack Jizhou. On August 14, he moved south along the Chao River and approached Gubeikou (古北口, in present-day Miyun, Beijing).
On the sixteenth day, Yu Da attacked Gubeikou City with thousands of horses, and Ru Xiao, the king of the imperial history, resisted with all his might. While supervising the attack, he sent his elite troops around to Huangyu (in the west of present-day Gubeikou), broke the wall, and went straight into Miyun (now beijing) and Shunyi (now beijing), killing and plundering on a large scale. On August 17, he arrived in Tongzhou (present-day Tongxian County, Beijing).
When the news of the invasion of Jizhou reached the Beijing Division, the Bingbu Shangshu Ding Rukuo did not report to Sejong, but only ordered the town of Jizhou and the officials to take strict precautions.
Later, the alarm became urgent, and only then did the border troops send 12,000 horses and the Beijing camp 24,000 horses, distributed in Xuan and Ji Passes, but did not immediately reach the various garrisons. He broke through the wall and entered, and inspector Shuntian Yushi Wang went up to the throne overnight, asking for a strategy to defend the battle.
At the same time, he moved to Tongzhou himself, and on the one hand organized officers and men to resist, on the other hand, he collected all the ships in the Lu River (North Canal) on the west bank so that they would not be used by the enemy. Reaching Tongzhou was blocked by the river and confronted the Ming army across the river.
Wang Chen went up again and asked the imperial court for support. The Beijing division was terrified and hurriedly mobilized various battalions to defend the city. At this time, in addition to the more than 20,000 horses sent by the Beijing battalion army, there were only 40,000 or 50,000 people left, and half of them were old and weak soldiers. Weapons must be collected from the arsenal now, the eunuch in charge of the arsenal asks for fees, but it is delayed, and the guards in the capital are not well organized. At this time, Ding Rukui reported it to the emperor.
Upon hearing this, Sejong was very surprised and hurriedly took the following measures according to the proposals of The Soldier Shangshu Ding Rukuo and the Cabinet Chief Assistant Yan Song:
With the officials Wang Bangrui and Jiang Fu the Marquis of Dingxi overseeing the defense of the Nine Gates of Beijing, each faction had 13 ministers of culture and martial arts; more than a thousand people who should be examined in the martial arts department were gathered and assigned to the ministers; the people were summoned to volunteer and placed among the gates of the city; the former generals Dai Lun and Xu Ren, who were in prison, were released and given tens of thousands or thousands of soldiers each, so that they could redeem themselves for their meritorious service; they ordered the Gansu Governor to lead the troops to garrison Tongzhou; and ordered the townsmen to assist the Beijing Division.
On August 18, Qiu Luan led 20,000 Datong troops to Tongzhou Hexi. After Qiu Luan bribed Li Da to make him go east, he pretended to be careless, saying that he had detected that Li Da dong had committed JiZhou, requested assistance to the Beijing Division, and led his troops to Juyongguan. He broke through the wall and summoned the towns to help, and he arrived first. Then The Baoding capital Yushi Yang Shouqian arrived at the capital with 5,000 horses, Yan Sui's deputy general Yang Kai led 3,000 horses to the capital, and soldiers from Hejian, Xuanfu, Shanxi, and Liaoyang also arrived, totaling more than 50,000 people. After the arrival of the soldiers from all over the country, there was nowhere to supply grain for a while, and the soldiers robbed the people's food for food, and the Datong soldiers of Qiu Luan plundered especially, no less than the answer. Because sejong protected it, no one dared to take care of it.
On the afternoon of the twentieth, I crossed the Tongzhou River to the west, and more than 700 forwards rode to Beijing Andingmen. On the twenty-first day, Li Da forced the capital and plundered it on a large scale, and that night "the day of the fire and candles, the north of Desheng and Andingmen, and the human settlements were destroyed."
On that day, with Qiu Luan as the general of Pingyu and the control of the officers and men of the various roads, Yang Shouqian was made the left attendant of the military department and the right deputy capital of the Capital Inspection Yuan, Yushi, to coordinate military affairs. Qiu Luan led the soldiers of the land not to dare to attack, but only sent people to contact Li Da and allow tribute in order to save himself. Yang Shouqian led his troops to approach the enemy camp, but because there were no soldiers in the follow-up, he also defended himself.
First, on the twentieth day, the soldiers went to Dongzhimen in Beijing to capture 8 officials in the imperial stables. He agreed that they would report to the imperial court in writing and ask for tribute.
On the 21st, Sejong summoned the university scholars Yan Song, Li Ben, and Rebbe Shangshu Xu Jie to discuss countermeasures. Yan Song said, "This is a matter for the Rebbe. Xu Jie said, "Although this is a matter for the Ministry of Rites, it still needs to be decided by the Emperor." Sejong said, "It is precisely to discuss." Xu Jie said: "I am now stationed in the suburbs, and the strategy of war and defense is nothing, if you use expedient measures and allow tribute, I am afraid that in the future his demands will not end." He also said, "If he demands tribute, he must first withdraw, and then send an envoy to Datong, and the Datong guards will report to the imperial court, and the imperial court will allow it." ”
Then the court was summoned to discuss, some advocated tribute, and Zhao Zhenji, the son of the state, resolutely opposed it, believing that once the tribute was allowed, 3,000 people would enter the city and attack inside and outside, how to resist? And now allowing Tonggong is tantamount to being an alliance under the city. The ministers did not agree, and the tribute was stopped.
On August 22, Baoding was shocked by the fact that he had taken up his tomb and plundered Xishan and Liangxiang (now part of Beijing). The devious Qiu Luan did not attack, and asked Yan Song, who said: "Defeat can be hidden from the side, and defeat at the outskirts cannot be hidden." The full will go away, but the wall is the best policy. ”
Qiu Luan claimed to attack, but actually did not move according to the troops, and cut off the dead Tatar soldiers to repay the merits and gain the favor of Sejong.
At that time, Fan Shenshangshu, the envoy of the Tongzheng Government, pointed out that Qiu Luan and Tatar shoes had never fought a war, and it was "a meritorious contribution to raising Kou." generation
Instead of blaming Qiu Luan, Emperor Zong deposed Fan Shen as a civilian, and placed all the responsibility for the army's failure to attack on The Soldiers' Department Shangshu Ding Rukuo and Zuo Shilang Yang Shouqian, arrested them and imprisoned them, and beheaded them on August 26.
On August 23, Irakusa withdrew, "the mules and mules and golden treasures plundered before and after were full of ambition, and bundled up", and wanted to get out of Baiyangkou (in present-day Changping West, Beijing).
Qiu Luan commanded more than 100,000 troops, and did not dare to send an arrow, but only followed the retreating Tatar army. When he arrived at Baiyangkou, he was resisted by the Ming army and was not allowed to leave, so he abandoned some cattle and sheep and the women who had been plundered, and headed east to Changping (now part of Beijing) to meet the trailing Qiu Luan army. The Qiu Luan army was unprepared, and the Tatar soldiers rode into the battle, killing and wounding more than 1,000 Ming troops, and Qiu Luan was almost captured. However, the QiuLuan army killed civilians in return for their credit. The Army of The Imperial Army still followed the Chao River from Gubeikou. Kyoshi lifted the threat.
On August 28, all the troops were out of the jam. After days of plundering, the Tatar soldiers were tired and had to take care of the heavy looting, and the formation was chaotic.
However, the Ming army did not dare to attack, but only trailed far behind, until the Mouth of the Stone Box Camp (present-day MiyunBei, Beijing), Gubei, Zhangjia, etc., watched the Tatar army go away before returning.
In addition to the slight obstruction of entry and exit in Gyeonggi, once entering the interior is like entering no man's land, if you want to go east, you want to go west, burn and plunder, and let yourself do it yourself. Qiu Luan, who caused Li Da to invade Gyeonggi, became a hero in opposing Li Da and defending the Beijing Division, and his official rank was raised again and again.
When I entered the outskirts of Beijing, the hundreds of thousands of "Qin Wang" troops did not have the slightest way to fight and defend.
Yan Song adopted the policy of harming the people and protecting himself by "being satisfied with himself", the generals watched The Raiders and Plundered, and the soldiers of the capital wept incessantly as soon as they left the city gate, all of which fully reflected the political corruption of the Ming Court, the incompetence of the army generals, and the ruin of the guards of the capital.
In fact, the Tatars were not strong. It did not dare to invade Xuanfu because Xuanfu was prepared; it did not withdraw from the Mouth of the White Sheep, because the Mouth of the White Sheep was closed to resist. This proves that if the Ming army can really resist bravely, the Tatars must not enter Gyeonggi and plunder with impunity.
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