The Qi family culture developed in Shaanxi, Gansu, Qing and Ningxia in western China, and finally settled in Gansu from east to west. The production of qi family culture in western China is related to the great migration of Chinese nationalities in the last two hundred years of the Neolithic Era, and in the place closest to the Western jade road in China, a batch of very peculiar jade has appeared here, and people do not understand that a place rich in jade will have a large number of very crude jade? The ancient kingdom of Liangzhu in the south died out 4200 years ago, and then Yu chun and Yu Bi appeared in western China in a very peculiar way, which was the result of the forcible migration of the Liangzhu and Sanmiao people to western China. If you are an expert in the study of Chinese dialects, you may find that there are still a large number of traces of ancient southern dialects in western China, which is proof of ethnic migration. Some people say that Chinese archaeologists are unscientific about the Qi family culture, why did the Liangzhu culture predate the Qi family culture? Why did the production of Chinese jade began in Liangzhu in the south and not in Gansu, the upper reaches of the Yellow River? Is the Yellow River still the hometown of the Chinese nation? But you can't believe it, Yangtze River jade is far older than Yellow River jade. In western China, the process of making jade is developed in reverse chronological order, because there are two extremes in jade in western China, that is, aristocratic jade and slave jade. In short, the exquisite jade swords were used by the rulers, the jade and assembled jade bi were mostly used by Qiang slaves, and the slightly better jade was presented as a tribute to the aristocratic group in the Central Plains. The Qijia cultural era experienced the Yu, Xia and Shang dynasties, and the time span exceeded a thousand years, so the Qijia culture is a regional culture that spans the Neolithic era to the Shang Dynasty. In the Ruins of the Shang and Western Zhou Dynasties, many jade artifacts belonged to the Western Region, and they were either tributes or plundered by war. Without the Qiang people in the west, the Shang Dynasty could not have obtained the Hetian jade in Xinjiang, and the jade in the tomb of the female general Woman Hao, many of which were the spoils of her battles against the Qiang people over the years. China's beautiful jade, with Hetian jade as the first, before that, Xiuyan jade from the northeast was also excellent. After the demise of the Hongshan culture, northeast China soon became a region controlled by northern nomads, so the rulers of the Central Plains could not get the jade of the northeast and went to northwest China to find the source of the jade. Yu Shun ruled the Central Plains, Ling Sanmiao Gongyu, Xia ruled the Central Plains, also made Sanmiao Gongyu, and as for the Shang Dynasty, a large number of Xia tribal nobles moved west and ruled the Qiang people in the west, and these Qiang people were the original Westward Migration Sanmiao. Shang then obtained jade from the west through war and loan exchange. Of course, the Shang also gradually encroached on the western lands, controlling the central and southern regions of Shaanxi, and serving as a transit point for western jade through Fangguo like Zhou. The Zhou people and the Shang were descendants of Emperor Zhao and were distant relatives. The remnants of the Yu and Xia clans in western China are both descendants of Emperor Huan and distant relatives, and the two major branches of the Yellow Emperor clan rule the western and eastern parts of China. Legend has it that the Queen Mother of the West once presented jade to Emperor Shun, which is the earliest record of Yu's obtaining Western jade, and it is also the earliest record of the flow of western jade to the Central Plains. Hetian jade for ancient China, just like gold for early America, these jades have created thousands of years of prosperity in ancient Chinese jade.
Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago
Freer Museum, USA
Mrs. Odyssey's old collection
Science Museum at Buffalo, USA
Collection of the Cleveland Museum of Art, USA
Lore Museum of Art, University of Miami, USA
Honolulu Institute of Art
Indianapolis Museum of Art, USA
American Museum of Natural History
Royal Ontario Museum of Canada
Mr. Barr's old collection
British museum
Dai Runzhai old collection
Harvard University Museum
Asian Art Museum, San Francisco
Cleveland Museum, USA
Minneapolis Museum of Art, USA
American Saidler Museum
The Art Institute of Chicago, USA