Continuing from the previous article, "Miao zhi miao" fifteen: the southwest is unstable, the seedlings affect the road, and the Qing Dynasty opened up miao territory by force.
The early Rulers of the Qing Dynasty thought that by extending favors to the upper echelons of ethnic minorities and forcefully suppressing the lower classes, they would be able to completely subdue the Miao people. However, this simple and crude policy can only benefit a small number of upper-class people of ethnic minorities, harm the interests of the majority of ethnic minorities, and cannot resolve the contradictions, disputes, and conflicts of interest between various ethnic groups, and eventually lead to earth-shattering disasters.
Before and after the Yongzheng reform and return to the stream, the Qing Dynasty implemented a series of specific policies in Miaojiang, taking Xiangxi as an example below.
Selected from the "Miao Life Map", painted in the Qing Dynasty
In order to integrate the Miao people into the normal state management system, the Qing Dynasty set up administrative organs at all levels such as governments, departments, and counties in Miaojiang.
In the forty-second year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1703), Yu Yimo, the governor of Huguang, and Zhao Shenqiao, the inspector of Biaoyuan, reported that Hongmiao had plundered the land, and the Qing Dynasty used this as an excuse to send soldiers from Guangxi, Hunan, and Guizhou provinces to besiege Xiangxi. The Qing Dynasty began to set up officials in the Lal Mountains to manage the Miao people. In August of the forty-third year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1704), the Tongren Association was set up, and at the same time, tongren mansion was set up, and one member of the tongzhi and the inspector was set up, "specializing in miao affairs." "Subsequently, Qianzhou and Phoenix Halls were built, and they belonged to Chenzhou Prefecture. In December of the same year, Chenyuan Jingdao was also moved to Zhengan (present-day Fenghuang County), and officials such as Tongzhi, Tongju, Inspector, and Official, were added to be in charge of Miao affairs, stipulating that Miaojiang affairs "shall not interfere in future military duties." For those who commit misdemeanors in Miao, ren tuguan is sent down, and those who commit felonies of theft of life are taken by the tuguan to the Taoist Department and the proposed crime is tried. ”
In October of the fiftieth year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1711), Wu Tianxian, a Miao person from the town pole Maodutang, surrendered, and in June of the following year, the town pole red miao Wu aging rate MaoDutang 52 villages were attached, and in August the town pole Miao people 83 villages were annexed. Every time a Miao village was raised, the Qing army set up a Tangxun here, and Anza soldiers guarded it, and set up a hundred households and village chiefs to restrain the Miao people.
MaoduTang
In the seventh year of Yongzheng (1729), Yongshun Province was established in Yongshun Tusi, which consisted of 4 counties of Yongshun, Longshan, Baojing and Sangzhi. Yongshun Province has a prefect and one member each, and the county has a member of the county, a history, and a patrol to manage the administrative affairs, laws and local public order of a county. In November of the eighth year of Yongzheng (1730), the red seedlings in Liuli (present-day Huayuan County) were annexed and "paid to the households to transport grain". In the ninth year of Yongzheng (1731), the Yongsui Hall was established. At this point, the Xiangxi Hall was all established and was under the jurisdiction of chenzhou prefecture.
In the Qing Dynasty, while setting up prefectures, departments, and counties in Miaojiang, it also set up official positions such as Tongzhi, Tongjue, and Prefecture Judges who specialized in Miao affairs, reflecting the difference between managing Miao people and managing Han people.
In the fifth year of Yongzheng (1727), a member of the state was set up in Jingzhou to manage the affairs of Miao Yao in Jingzhou. In the sixth year of Yongzheng (1728), it was stipulated that the functions and powers of Tongzhi and Tongjue in MiaojiangFu County were different from those of the prefectures in the interior. Tongzhi and Tongjue, as civilian officials, can each bring 100 pacesetters. Patrol inspection as a military post, with more troops. This is an arrangement to deal with the disturbances of the Miao people. It was not until the twenty-ninth year of Qianlong (1764) that the pacesetters were reduced. The Records of Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty states, "Qianzhou and Yongsui Tongzhi, which belong to the capital of Chenzhou in Hunan, and the Phoenix Camp are all judged, and each of them is stationed in Miaojiang." During the Kangxi Dynasty, the Second Hall of Phoenix in Qianzhou allocated a hundred pacesetters each, and a general member was assigned to drive the patrol,...... The new jurisdiction of the three halls of the present three halls is the Miao people, who have long lost their sincerity and become one with the people. The tongzhi general judgment, the suspension of the trial of the lawsuit, the urging of the word and other matters, there are three hundred pacesetters, and the total three members should be dismissed ... Thirty members of the people in each hall are also requested to be dispatched" for dispatch. This record further proves that during the Yongzheng period, civilian officials led troops to prevent the Miao people from making trouble.
At the end of the thirteenth year of Yongzheng (1735), a patrol officer was set up in Chengbu Hengling to manage the Miao Yao affairs at the junction of Hengling City and Sui. In the fifth year of Qianlong (1740), in order to suppress the Suimiao Yao Uprising in Chengsuo, the Qing Dynasty added the title of "Guanfang" to the civil and military officials in the Chengsui area, expanding their authority and facilitating the suppression of the uprising, until the twenty-ninth year of Qianlong (1764) to lay off the soldiers brought by local officials.
The Qing Dynasty used the combination of the baojia system in the interior and the village chief system of the ethnic minorities in the frontier to manage the Miao people.
After the land was changed and returned to the stream, the magistrate set up Baojia or Lijia in Miaojiang. The 4 counties of Yongshun Province and Yongding County have established 18 bao, of which Xiying, Chongzheng, Luoyi and Gongquan are Miao villages. Longshan has 16 miles, Mulberry Plant has 14 miles, of which Miaozhai has 4 miles. Baojing 16 capitals, "all" equivalent to Li, 5 to 8 are Miaozhai. Miaozhai has 100 households and village chiefs, basically 100 households per mile, and 1 village chief per village, who manages the specific affairs of the Miao people and holds the same position as lizheng and baojia in the interior. Hundred households and village chiefs cannot be hereditary, and local officials can be appointed at any time.
The heads of hundreds of households and villages are basically the leaders of the Miao people, and there are also a very small number of Han Chinese who have lived in the Miao villages for a long time. The chiefs of hundreds of households and villages are under the management of tongzhi, inspectors, and other officials, and their main duties are to collect money and grain, arrest criminals, dispatch errands, and maintain local law and order. As soon as there is a rebellion, the head of a hundred households and villages will send a message to the magistrate. Hundreds of households and village chiefs play a role in communication between the official government and the Miao people, and the official government can also use them to collect "the benefits of attacking the seedlings with seedlings".
In the area of Chengbu and Suining, there are 500 households with a length of villages, and another chief of the village has a hundred households. Sun Jiagan, the governor of Huguang, said, "The way to cure the miao is to rule its head and its own." "In each village, the head of the village shall be established as the head of the village, and in the midst of the first village, the one who is convinced by the head shall be established as the chief of the village, so that the chief of the village shall be restrained and unified by the county order." If there is something wrong with the seedlings, the village chief will punish them and give them a sigh of relief, and those who cannot be kept by the village chief will be told to the chief of the village, and those who cannot be kept by the chief of the village will be told to the county order. If the county decree has a forbidden covenant, it will be passed on to the chief of the village and admonished, so that the chief of the village will tell the chief of the village, and the chief of the village will tell the seedlings. If so, the county decree has the effect of outlining and restricting the Miao people, and has the effect of prohibiting it. "The chief of the village and the village is basically the head of the original Miao Ridge and the village, and is not hereditary. This reflects that the Qing rulers were too superstitious to appease the upper echelons of the Miao people in order to stabilize the rule of the Miao people.
The Qing Dynasty established a separate household registration for the Miao people and managed them separately from the other people.
The household registration of the Qing Dynasty was divided into three categories: one was the household registration of the Manchu, Mongolian, and Han junding households (subordinate to the Eight Banners and Salaries Office) under the control of the household department and the general population of each province; the other was the household registration of the Uyghur, Tibetan, and other ethnic groups in Xinjiang, Tibet, and other places under the jurisdiction of the Li Fan Yuan; and the other was the hukou of the Hui, Miao, Yao, Li and other ethnic groups held by the prefectures and counties where they were located. The hukou of Hui, Miao, Yao, Li and other ethnic groups are not reported to the central authorities and are controlled by local officials. The Records of Emperor Shizong of the Qing Dynasty says, "All the people in the belly (the people of the interior) are counted by mouth, and the border people are counted by households." "The hukou of Miao Yao and other nationalities," those who have been in the country for a long time are compiled into the number of people according to the Dingkou, sent to the interior, and those who have been compiled into the people's jia for a long time are compiled according to the example of the people. The rest of the miao yao, thousands of households and the head of the chief and other inspection constraints. This means that the Qing Dynasty statistically managed the Miao people who had already obeyed the management with heads like the people in the interior, and the Miao people who did not have direct management in the frontier were counted according to the number of households.
After the Miao people in the frontier were rehabilitated and returned to the stream, all of them were organized into households and the people, and they received grain and grain as a whole with the people in the interior. The so-called household registration system stipulates that all government-controlled household registrations must be included in the household registration according to items such as name, age, place of origin, identity, appearance, and wealth.
For the "seedlings" who do not obey the "kingization," they are strictly ruled by demarcation of the territory. The Qing Dynasty demarcated clear boundaries between "raw seedlings" and "mature seedlings" and prohibited exchanges. In the fifth year of Yongzheng (1727), in order to prohibit the exchange of Miao and Han, Fu Min, the governor of Huguang, formulated the "Five Paragraphs": among them, "it is strictly forbidden for Miao and the people to marry each other", "it is strictly forbidden for adulterers and Miao to borrow debts and produce property", and "the fierce Miao crossed the border to plunder, and ordered the civil and military attaches of neighboring provinces to cooperate in arresting and arresting." The so-called "traitors" refer to the Han people who are closely related to the Miao people.
In the twenty-fourth year of Qianlong (1759), the Qing Dynasty "demarcated the boundaries" throughout the country, "at that time, the provinces and the people of the interior did not speak well, and there were often provocations." Twenty-four years, the prohibition of the Boundary of Dingfan and the Miao Frontier......... The people of all provinces who trespass into the Miao land without cause, and the Miao people who trespass into the people's boundaries without any reason, shall be punished as usual. If there is trade between the two sides, it will take the right bond of the neighbor of the line, report it to the official, and order the pond flood inspection to start. "In the twenty-ninth year of Qianlong (1764), Miao and Han were allowed to marry each other for a time, but the territory remained unchanged. This practice of the Qing Dynasty was to prevent exchanges between the Miao and Han peoples and jointly oppose the rule of the Qing Dynasty, artificially creating ethnic barriers.
The Qing Dynasty set up military strongholds in Miaojiang, using force as a backing to maintain the ruling order.
The Qing Dynasty's rule in Miaojiang was mainly maintained by the army, and military attaches were far more important than civilian officials, who only played the role of carrying out orders. The Tusi Tu soldiers before the land reform and return to the stream have been abolished, and the Miaojiang garrison is mainly divided into two types, the battalion flood soldiers and the township braves. The battalion flood soldiers were the regular green battalion soldiers of the Qing Dynasty.
In order to prevent the Miao people from rebelling, the Qing Dynasty set up a large number of military strongholds such as towns, concords, battalions, and floods in the main towns and transportation areas of Miaojiang. At the general entrance into the "Shengmiao" area, the town of Zhengan was set up, with 3,000 troops stationed. Due to the large number of camps, "in one city and one town, the soldiers and civilians are almost half of each other." After Jiaqing, the flood soldiers of the town association battalion were changed to tun soldiers, and they all got a piece of land and were stationed in Miaojiang for a long time. This issue will be discussed later.
Xiang Yong is a military organization other than the regular army, recruiting soldiers when there is something, and serving the people when there is nothing. Its main duty is to protect the safety of the township, to fight with the regular army during the war, and to be recruited by the local chief.
In addition, the Qing Dynasty stipulated that Miao people's cases should be resolved by Miao.
After the adoption of the "Shengmiao" in the middle of the Kangxi Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty wanted to adopt the Qing Dynasty law against the Miao people, and it is common in the Qing Shilu that you sentenced the "Red Miao Murder Case", but it was always forbidden. Beginning with Qianlong, the rulers changed to "The Case of the Miao People, which is concluded according to the Miao Customs, does not have to be brought to justice by the officials," and only cases involving the Han people and the "Ripe Miao" are handled by local officials. This issue will also be discussed later.
The Qing Dynasty's strict management of the Miao people after the land reform and return to the stream completely solved the problem of ruling the Miao people? Obviously not, the feudal autocratic system determines that the ruler and the people will always have a certain degree of antagonism, and the ruler will always be the representative of the interest group that exploits and oppresses the people, so the people's rebellion has always been a chronic disease that the feudal dynasty cannot completely solve.
The premise of popular uprisings is often triggered by various disputes. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the exchanges between Han Miao (or Minmiao) increased, and various relationships occurred, which increased the disputes between Han Miao and Miao. Among them, land disputes and disputes in mineral development are more numerous and fierce. In addition, in the process of easing the contradictions between Han and Miao and resolving disputes between Han and Miao, although the Ming and Qing governments took many measures, due to ethnic prejudice and discrimination, officials could not handle disputes impartially, resulting in Miao compatriots hating the government, so that there were often uprisings.
Yuanjiang "Five Streams" of Chenxi Box Rock
The great migration movement of the Ming and Qing dynasties, especially in the middle of the Qing Dynasty, led to a sharp increase in the population of Hunan, resulting in a surge in the phenomenon of Han and Miao exchanges in western Hunan Province. From the Yuan Dynasty to the first year of the Shun Dynasty (1330), the population of Hunan was more than 5.71 million. At the end of the Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, due to the disaster of war and the war for many years, the residents of Hunan were scattered in large numbers. According to incomplete statistics, by the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the population of the seven provinces and two prefectures in Hunan (a total of seven provinces and eight prefectures in Hunan) had dropped to more than 1.91 million. At the same time, the population of other provinces, especially in the Jiangxi area, poured into Hunan in large numbers for reasons such as "conscription, reclamation, eunuch travel" and merchants, which is the famous "Jiangxi Filling Lake", of which a large number of immigrants moved to the "Wuxi" area of the Yuanjiang River.
In the Ming Dynasty, about 222,000 immigrants moved into the upper reaches of the Yuanshui River, accounting for more than 50% of the total local population. After the land was rehabilitated in the middle of the Qing Dynasty, the population of immigrants moving into the middle and upper reaches of the Yuan River grew more rapidly, and the number of Han immigrants was absolutely dominant. After the Kangxi Dynasty of the Qing Dynasty quelled the Rebellion of San Francisco, it implemented the reclamation of immigrants, recuperation, and tax reform, "breeding people, never adding endowments", "spreading the land into acres", and the population increased significantly. In the sixty years of Kangxi (1721), the national population had reached more than 29.14 million, and by the sixty years of Qianlong (1795), it had surged to 296.96 million, more than 9 times more than the last year of Kangxi, and more than 14 times more than the eighteenth year of Shunzhi (1661). In the same period, the population growth rate of Hunan is also quite large. For example, Changsha Province and Changde Province are basically Han Chinese. The western end of these two provinces is close to the ethnic minority areas of western Hunan Province. Population growth has led to strains on arable land, and large populations have migrated to sparsely populated areas.
The peasant revolt led by Li Zicheng in the late Ming Dynasty, the wars in the early Qing Dynasty, and military operations such as the pacification of the "San Francisco" in the early Qing Dynasty became the major population movement in Hunan, which was dominated by the Han ethnic group. These Han Nationality mainly migrated west and south along the Xiang, Zi, Yuan, and Li rivers, and a considerable part of them migrated to areas inhabited by ethnic minorities. According to the Republic of China's "Chronicle of the Clans of Pupu County", a large number of peasants moved into Pupu in the Qing Dynasty, of which the largest number came from Yuanling, about 160 ethnic groups, in addition to Xinhua people, Shaoyang people, Chenxi people and so on.
Many foreign garrisons and family members of the Ming Dynasty lived deeply into the vast areas of ethnic minorities. After the fall of the Ming Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty carried out a large-scale implementation of the "reform of land and return to the stream", with the purpose of eliminating the "transformation of outsiders" who "did not have a division" and bringing the toast division of the divided side into the management of the displaced officials dispatched by the government. And it is necessary to be dissatisfied with "since the Ming Dynasty, negative stubbornness" and "still ... The red seedlings, which are full of troubles, are subdued, "ordered to return to sincerity, and prefectures and counties are established", officers and soldiers are set up, households are compiled, and grain is given.
The return of land to the stream caused a large number of Han officials, Han troops, and Han merchants to pour into western Hunan Province, and there were more and more cases of Mixed Residences of Han and Miao in the Miao District of Western Hunan Province. The intermingling of the Miao and Han ethnic groups has led to an increase in mutual interaction. There have been many disputes and contradictions in the exchanges between Miao and Han, and there are the following categories.
Land disputes arising from usury. The soil and climatic conditions in the Miao areas of western Hunan are not good, and most Miao people still maintain their livelihoods in the primitive production method of "slash-and-burn farming". According to the Hunan Tongzhi volume 174 "Folk Customs of Attached Miao", the Miao people and other ethnic minorities in western Hunan "all burned the mountains and cultivated, and the millet beans they planted were only." "Since the Qing Dynasty changed land and returned to the stream, all Miao districts have to pay taxes to the government. This situation led to the need for the Hmong people to borrow money from the outside world. According to Yan Ruyu, "The rich people in the Miao village let go of their accounts, and their interest is very large. One thousand dollars, one stone in the valley, and several times the interest rate increase in one or two years. Can't pay, folded into mountains, clothes items. The poor people are stripped of their deeds and depend on them for their livelihood. ”
In addition, there are also usurious loans such as "guest accounts" and "camp accounts" in Xiangxi Miao District. The "tents" were put by the flood soldiers, and the "guest tents" were mostly placed by the Hengyang, Baoqing, and Jiangyou Han people who lived in the market. The interest rate of the guest account and the camp account is high, "the money is eight hundred for hanging, the monthly interest rate is five, and the interest rate is not finished until March. The first four turns of the first year, and the interest is several times higher than the principal. Creditors often "take advantage of their emptiness to collect" and convert the fields. Since the borrower must first ask the rich person to guarantee it, if it cannot be repaid, the guarantor will pay compensation on behalf of the borrower. Dong Hongxun's Yongsui Hall Chronicle, Volume VI, "Therefore, the Miao people will be finished if they have debts." Often the harvest is completed, there is no surplus grain, this debt is not cleared, and the debt is owed to the other, and the exploitation is long, and the mountain is exhausted. In addition, there are names such as "New Valley", "Cargo Valley", and "Broken Head Valley". If you put the "Valley of the Broken Head", it is when the green and yellow are not connected, such as borrowing one stone from the valley, and after the autumn, there are two or three stones.
Han landlords, merchants, and officers and soldiers who entered the Miao area carried out heavy profit exploitation and skillful plundering of the Miao people, and due to rampant usury, the Miao people lost a large amount of land. According to the "Records of the Defense of Miaojiang", volume IV of the "Miaojiang Aftermath Regulations", the three halls of Fenghuang, Qianzhou, and Yongsui "after the land was changed and returned to the stream, the Han people came and went in and out" and "at first they used trade to benefit their wealth, and then they occupied their land because of their debts." "The encroachment of the guests is becoming more and more numerous, and the fields of Miaojiang are becoming less and less every day", "The Miao masses have become unemployed, and the number of poor and difficult people is increasing day by day." According to volume 1470 of the Records of Emperor Gaozong of the Great Qing Dynasty, Qianlong also had to admit that "foreign visitors have encroached on land and acres on weekdays, and have bullied arbitrarily."
In order to settle the land dispute caused by usury, in the fifth year of Yongzheng (1727), Fu Minzuo, the governor of Huguang, asked the "Miaojiang" in western Hunan to prohibit soldiers and people from selling land and property with Miao Dian, and those who had already been sold should be "surrendered and redeemed now", and in the future it will be "strictly prohibited forever". But the ban has not worked well. In the thirteenth year of Qianlong (1747), Luo Weixiang, the prefect of Yongshun, once again reiterated that "it is forbidden for the people to buy seedlings", and he believed that "it is advisable to order the soil seedlings, if they want to change the soil, they are only allowed to buy and buy their own books" and are not allowed to sell them to foreign "guests". The Qing rulers did not give a loose tax policy based on the barrenness of the land in the Miao area, so the ban had little effect. According to incomplete statistics, in the three halls of Yongsui, Fenghuang, and Qianzhou alone, from Kangxi to Qianlong for more than a hundred years, manchu and Han landlords and officials have seized more than 40,000 mu of Miao fields. The increase in land disputes between government officials, private landlords, and businessmen and the Miao area has continuously intensified the contradictions between the people and the official miao. So much so that after the Qianjia Miaomin Uprising broke out, the insurgents put forward the slogan of "expelling the guests and returning to the homeland.".
Disputes arising from theft and robbery. The rulers of the Ming and Qing dynasties believed that the Miao people were foreigners, accustomed to robbery and theft. In the fifty-second year of Qianlong (1787), a theft incident that caused a sensation in Miaojiang occurred. Several merchants entered the Miao area to traffic in cultivated cattle, but the cultivating cattle were missing, so the Qing Dynasty officials, without evidence, framed the robbery of the cultivating cattle for the Phoenix Hall to make up for the actions of the Miao people in the village, and copied the Miao village and extorted the compensation. This incident provoked the Miao youth Shi Manyi and others to resist, and the Qing army killed Shi Manyi on the spot and burned the whole village. But this kind of robbery is often related to the outlaws. Yang He, the inspector of Guizhou in the Ming Dynasty, once said a fair sentence in a letter to the imperial court, "Miao Zhong went out of robbery, and there was no one who did not have a Han person. ”
Buying and selling disputes caused by the corruption of officers and soldiers. The Miao are located in the mountains, and daily necessities such as salt, iron, rice, etc. are traded with the outside world. In order to prevent disputes over the sale and purchase between the people and the Miao, the Ming and Qing governments formulated various regulations on the trade between the Miao and the Han, such as the Qianlong Zhu Approval Fold: "Whoever buys and sells goods in the Miao must comply with the prescribed period of the collection, according to the time and value, trade with officials, do not allow private grants and inhibit purchases and forced acquisitions, and only listen to the Miao and Yao to sell on the spot, and the people in the interior are not allowed to enter the Miao land trade without permission." "All debts, let alone the slightest transportation." "If there are foreign stick vendors entering the seedling fields, they will immediately report to them."
It can be seen from these regulations that the government's requirement to "deal with officials" is aimed at reducing the various disputes that arise when people trade privately. However, local officials could not implement this policy very well, and on the way that the Miao people had to pass, the officers and men who guarded the pond flood were always strangled at short prices whenever the Miao people picked up products and passed by, and even insulted and beaten, and locked and detained. This caused the Miao people to encounter many unfair treatment when they went out to buy and sell, resulting in dissatisfaction with the government and soldiers.
Blue Creek, a tributary of Wushui in Suining County, is contained in the Minutes of Reading the History of Public Opinion
Disputes arising from the exploitation of minerals. The Miao area of western Hunan is extremely rich in mineral resources. With the opening up of Miaojiang, many merchants went deep into Miaojiang to dig for minerals. In March of the fifth year of Qianlong (1740), Feng Guangyu, the governor of Hunan, came out of the copper mine in Suining County, and in November of the previous year, he invited merchants to "go into the mountains to build sheds for mining", and the Miao people obstructed because they could not be disturbed, "setting fire to hurt people, destroying copper and looting". There are many such "disturbing" Miao people, resulting in intensified conflicts between Miao and Miao.
How to resolve the dispute between the people and the Miao, the Qing Dynasty government was also very troubled. The general practice is to file disputes with the people and miao, but when the local judges deal with the disputes between the people and the miao, they not only extort "rules and regulations" from the miao people, but also often "protect the people (referring to the guests), and the miao has no bends and no extensions". Wei Yuan's "Records of The Sacred Martial Arts" Volume VII "Records of HuGui Zheng Miao" says that when the Qianjia Miao people revolted, the Miao people angrily shouted: "I Miao Zi came to file a complaint, do I still want to pay eight thousand eight hundred yuan?" ”
The above disputes are contradictions between the Miao people and the government, officials, Han landlords, and businessmen, and because these contradictions have not been resolved for a long time, it is inevitable that a large number of Miao people's uprisings will occur. The large-scale Miao people's uprising forced the Qing Dynasty to spend a lot of financial resources to suppress it, which greatly depleted the national strength, had a major impact on the future development of the Qing Dynasty, and forced the Qing government to adjust some policies in Miaojiang.
A brief summary. "Returning land to the stream" is an important event in Chinese history, which strengthened the Qing Dynasty's management of various ethnic groups in the southwest, promoted local economic development and social progress, and was an important policy for unifying the governance of a multi-ethnic feudal state and expanding and consolidating its territory. It can be said that without the continuous and unremitting "return of land to the stream" of the Ming and Qing dynasties, it is difficult for the ethnic minority areas in southwest China to be harmoniously integrated into the large territory of China, which is the positive significance of "returning to the land". However, in the specific operation of "reforming the land and returning to the stream", due to the governance ability of the rulers, the suppression of feudal absolutism on the people, and the widespread corrupt behavior in the official arena, many specific measures have been divorced from reality or distorted to implementation, hurting the interests of ethnic minorities such as the Miao people and provoking popular uprisings many times. After each civil uprising was suppressed, the Qing government had to make certain policy adjustments to alleviate various contradictions. In the midst of various confrontations and adjustments, the exchanges between the Han and Miao peoples have become deeper and more harmonious, ethnic contradictions have gradually weakened, and common development and economic progress have gradually become the mainstream of life in Miaojiang, making ethnic integration an irreversible development trend. This situation continued until the Opium Wars.
To be continued.