Alexander the Great of Macedonia III (July 21, 356 BC – June 10 or 11, 323 BC, 336–323 BC), King Philip II of Macedon (359–336 BC), whose son conquered much of the world and thereafter became king, his father died in 336 BC and became a household name in his time.
Alexander the Great (facial reconstruction)
His military prowess and diplomatic skills in dealing with various inhabitants of the territories he conquered were described as "great." He was known for spreading Greek culture, language, and ideas from Greece to Asia Minor, Egypt, Mesopotamia, and India, and thus ushered in the Greek period (323–31 BC), during which he had four generals (his successor, Diadets) continue his policy of integrating (Greek) culture into the struggle for hegemony. with the East Coast. He died in 323 BC for unknown reasons, leaving no name for his heir (or, according to some reports, he chose the commander Perdikas), which divided him in the diocese of the empire.
The legend of alexander's death in battle influenced the tactics and profession of later Greek and Roman generals, who gave him many surprises. Modern historians are more critical of his life and career than ever before, criticizing the way he destroyed Persepolis and the way he treated the common people of Tire, but in any case, the view of Western scholars about his general consensus remains positive, and his legacy remains at the forefront of world history, one of the most sought after and recognized.
Alexander Youth
When Alexander was young, his mother was taught by olympic relatives Leonidas to fight and ride horses, as well as endure the hardships of forced labor. His father, Phillips, was interested in taking care of a perfect king in the future and hired King Lysimachus of Acaña, who taught children to sing, write and play. This instruction instilled in Alexander a lifelong love of reading and music. At the age of 13 or 14, Alexander met the Greek philosopher Aristotle (384-322 BC), who Philip II hired as his personal guide. He studied with Aristotle until he was 16 years old, and the two are said to have maintained correspondence with Alexander during his later campaign, although there is no evidence.
Aristotle's influence directly affected Alexander's relations with his subordinates, as Alexander never delegated Greek culture to the inhabitants of any region, but only introduced it to Aristotle's students. Leonidas's influence can be seen in Alexander's lifelong perseverance and physical strength and his skill with horses. Alexander is said to have tamed the "irreplaceable" Bushpharus when he was 11 or 12 years old.
If the influence of his various guides had had a profound effect on him, then it seems that Alexander should have been great from birth. First of all, he has a father, and his success lays the foundation for his next success.
Although it was clear that his father had a great influence on him, Alexander himself chose to see his success as the destruction of divine power. He called himself the son of Zeus, associated his bloodline with two of his favorite ancient heroes, Achilles and Hercules, and imitated their actions, claiming to be gods. This belief in divinity was instilled in her by Olympia, who told her that Olympia had given birth to a daughter because she was miraculously conceived by Zeus himself. His birth was associated with great signs and wonders, such as the star shining in Macedonia that night and the destruction of the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus.
Although historians record his birth, apart from stories of his supremacy (he visited distinguished guests who visited the Persian frontiers and advantages at the age of seven), his mentors and childhood friends knew little about his youth. Alexander's friends Kasandus (355–297 BC), Ptolemy (367–282 BC), and Heffiston (356–324 BC) were his companions and generals in his army.
Another friend and grandson of Aristotle, Calisthenes (360-327 BC), came with the philosopher to the Macedonian court. He became a court historian and followed Alexander on the electoral path. Heffistian was his lifelong best friend and second in the army. Regarding the youth of the historian Worthington Alexander, Alexander wrote: "According to Macedonian custom, he would study at home, and he would get used to watching (and then participating) in a drinking contest as part of Macedonian judicial life." Moreover, "we know very little about Alexander's childhood." ”
Alexander's army is mentioned at the Battle of Cerona in 338 BC. Although only 18 years old, he won a decisive victory in Macedonia, defeating the Allied city of Greece and helping to turn the tide of the war. When Philip II was assassinated in 336 BC, Alexander ascended the throne and came to Macedonian rule after Charo unified the Greek city-states, where his father launched a major campaign orchestrated by his father: the conquest of the mighty Persian Empire.
Alexander the Great, leading a Macedonian army of 32,000 infantry and 5,100 cavalry, crossed Asia Minor in 334 BC and began to conquer the Achaemenid Empire, defeating the Prime Minister's army at the Battle of Granicus in May. Persian army. He then "liberated" the cities of Sardi and Ephesus from Persian rule and moved to other parts of Asia Minor. In Ephesus, he proposed rebuilding the Temple of Artemis, which burned down on the night of his birth, but the city refused to sign it. In 333 BC, Alexander and his army defeated a larger army at the Battle of Essex, the Persian king Darius III (336-330 BC). Alexander liberated the Finnish cities of Baalbek and Sidon in 332 BC and then besieged the island of Tyre.
He decided to conquer the ancient city of Thiel, build a road from the mainland to the island, and install siege equipment on it. There is no mud and dirt on the roads, so the tires are part of the Lebanese continent. As a result of their strong opposition, citizens were slaughtered and survivors were sold into slavery. His policy toward tyrants has been cited by ancient and modern historians as a classic example of his cruelty.
In 331 BC, he conquered Egypt and established the city of Alexandria. At the court of Shiva, whose name is oasis in Egypt, he was proclaimed the son of the god Zeus-Amun.
The head of Alexander the Great comes from a larger-than-life-size statue, with gold leaves in bronze, from the 2nd century AD. (Palazzo Massimo, Rome).
Although he had already conquered Egypt, Alexander wanted to open up supply lines and provide food and equipment for his army (an important aspect of his ability to manage large areas overlooked by his heirs). But that doesn't mean he didn't brutally suppress the uprising, nor did he hesitate to brutally destroy his opponents. After his planned arrival in Alexandria, he moved from Egypt to Syria and northern Mesopotamia to launch more anti-Persian campaigns.
Persian Wars
In 331 BC, Alexander met king Darius III at the Battlefield of Alexandre Gogamela (aka the Battle of Alberta), where he again encountered a large number and decisively defeated the Great Stream that had escaped from the West 3 Battlefield. Alexander then occupied Babylon and Susa, the latter surrendering unconditionally without resistance. In the winter of 330, Alexander marched on Persepolis, where he resisted the heroic Aryo Barzanes (386–330 BC) and his sister Utab Aliobalzan (died 330 BC) at the Persian Campaign. Alexander defeated the force, captured Persepolis, and then burned it to the ground.
Details of the Mosaic of Alexandria, representing Alexander the Great on his horse Bucephalus, during the Battle of Issus.
According to the ancient historian Diodorus Siculus (in other ancient sources), he burned the Acropolis during his invasion of Greece before 480 BC, destroying most of the major palaces and cities. The move was reportedly triggered by a drunken rally by General Ptolemy, The lover of Athena in Thailand, shortly after he lit his first Alexandrian torch, and "a woman's hand" burned the city in a fitting revenge.
In the summer of 330 BC, Darius III was assassinated by his general and cousin Bessus, who is said to have repented. The body of Darius III is the most revered of his family. Alexander proclaimed himself King of Asia and continued to conquer present-day Afghanistan. In 329 BC, he built the city of Alexander-Eshat on the Yasarte River, destroyed the city of Cyprus, and defeated the Scythians on the northern border of the empire. From the autumn of 330 BC to the spring of 327 BC, he fought fierce battles with Bactria and Sogdia, and to this day he has won victories every day. Bessus was arrested and sentenced to death for treason.
Alexander built many cities named after him during this period, further elevating his reputation as a "liberator" and deity, and accepting the monarchy (king of kings) adopted by the rulers of the First Persian Empire. Based on this position, Alexander introduced the Persian custom of Proskins to the army, forcing those who spoke to him to kneel before him and kiss his hand.
The Macedonian army was increasingly disturbed by alexander's explicit mythology and application of Persian customs. Assassinations were planned (especially in 327 BC), and even though the Assassins were old friends, they were only exposed and executed. Calliston became one of them after participating in the plot. The great statesman Alexander the Great, who saved Alexander's life at the Battle of Granicus, was also destroyed. In 327 BC, Alexander dealt with Calisthenes and Cletus, respectively, to question treason and his rights.
Alexander's drinking habits are well known, and the death of the Celts had a profound effect on his killings. Both Critus and Callisthenes were very outspoken in their criticism of Alexander's use of Persian customs. Although Alexander had excellent diplomacy and skill in dealing with the conquered and his rulers, he was not known for his intolerance of personal conflict and intolerance of drinking. With Cretes' death imminent, Alexander was stabbed to death by a spear-wielding Christian, who was imprisoned and died in prison.
India and the Mutiny
In 327 BC, he took control of the Persian Empire and attracted the attention of the newlyweds Alexander, the bacteriological noblewoman Rokana (340-310 BC). The taxi driver, King Orpheus of India, after hearing of the Macedonian general's actions, fell without a fight, but the Tribes of Aspasaoy and Asaquinoi resisted. Alexander conquered the tribe in a young battle between 327 and 326 BC and eventually met with the Palau king Poros at the Battle of Gidspeth in 326 BC.
Pollos blamed Alexander's elephant army and fought his army so heroically that after defeating Poros, Alexander appointed him ruler of a larger region than ever before. Alexander the Great was killed in battle, and one of the two cities alexander built after the war was named "Bosephala".
Artistic Impressions of Alexander the Great in Battle (played by Colin Farrell), from the film Alexander (2004), directed by Oliver Stone.
Alexander tried to cross the Ganges, but his army was exhausted in a fierce battle with Poros in 326 BC. Alexander tried to persuade his people to move on, but to no avail, and eventually agreed to their wishes. He divided his army, under the command of Admiral Nakus, across the Persian Gulf to Susa, with the other half crossing the Desert of The Gros in 325 BC, almost a year after the army had assembled.
Historians have been debating the basis for this decision, whether it was a delay after the uprising or a final form. Despite his refusal to conquer India, he halted his march to conquer rival tribes along the way. The harsh terrain of the desert and military operations caused great damage to his troops, and Alexander had already suffered a lot when they arrived in Susa in 324 BC.
When he returned, he found that many of his prime ministers had been mistreated and executed, as well as those who had destroyed the tombs of the Great Crusaders in the old capital, Pasar garda. . .
Alexander held a grand wedding in Susa in 324 BC, during which he married his high-ranking servant princess and noblewoman, who himself married the daughter of Darius III and became more acquainted with the Persian royal family. Many of his troops opposed this fusion of cultures and increasingly criticized Persian clothing and etiquette, which had been influential since 329 BC. They opposed the progress of the Persians rather than the Macedonians in the army, and Alexander's order to unify the Persian and Macedonian armies. In response, Alexander appointed the Persians to important positions in the army and conferred on traditional Macedonian titles and honors.
His army retreated, and in accordance with Alexander's wishes, in a gesture of goodwill, he returned the name to the Macedonians and ordered a large group of people to eat and drink with the army. In honor of his subordinates, he abandoned the custom of Pruskin, but continued to wear Persian instead of the Macedonian kings.
Around 324 BC, he had a lifelong friend, perhaps his lover, and his deputy, Heffistian, died of a fever, although some reports suggest he may have been poisoned. Alexander's view that he was gay or bisexual was supported by his autobiography, and Heffistian was often considered his lover and best friend. Historians' stories of Alexander's reaction to the event are broadly consistent with the fact that his grief is unfounded.
Plutarch claimed that Alexander strangled Josana at the expense of his friend in the nearby countryside, while Aryan wrote that he was sentenced to death for failing to cure Hefiestian. In mourning, the horse's movements and tail were shortened, and Alexander refused to raise another horse to the commander of Hefiestian's cavalry. He did not eat or drink, and declared a mourning and funeral for the king of the entire empire.
Alexander Sarkofa is a late 4th century BC Sarkofa carved by Alexander the Great.
Death of Alexander
Alexander returned to Babylon with plans to expand his empire in 323 BC while dealing with the grief of Hefiestian's death, but he never achieved so. Ten days after a high fever, he died on June 10 or 11, 323 BC, at the age of 32. Theories about the cause of his death ranged from poisoning to malaria, from meningitis to bacterial infections to drinking contaminated water.
Plutarch said that 14 days before his death, Alexander Fleet had long adored Admiral Jankus and his friend Larisa Medius after drinking alcohol, after which he had a fever and did not recover. When asked who should inherit, Alexander replied, "the strongest", which led to the division of his empire into four generals: Cassandra, Ptolemy, Antigone and Seleucus (known as Diadox or "heir").